(完整版)TKT-Glossary中译版(3)

Strong forms:seestress.

Syllable音节

A part of a word that usually contains a single vowel sound, e.g.pen= one syllable;teacher= twosyllables–teach/er;umbrella= three syllables–um/bre/lla.

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Unvoiced sound:seevoiced/unvoiced sound.

Voiced sound/unvoiced sound浊音及非浊音

A voiced sound is a way of pronouncing sounds with vibration (voiced) or without vibration (unvoiced) inthe throat. In English, vowels are usually voiced. Many sounds differ only because they are eithervoiced, e.g. /b/ or unvoiced, e.g.

/p/.

Vowel元音

One of the sounds shown by the lettersa,e,i,o uand sometimesy. Seeconsonant.

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Weak forms:seestress.

Word stress:seestress.

FUNCTIONS功能

Candidates should already be familiar with common functions such asasking,telling,replying,thankingandsuggesting.

Appropriacynounappropriate/inappropriateadj适合的

Language which is suitable or correct in a particular situation. Seeregister.

Colloquial口语的

Language used ininformalconversations or writing.

Declining, refusing an invitation拒绝邀请

To refuse or decline an invitation, e.g.I’m sorry but I can’t.

Enquiring要求

To ask for information, e.g.What time does the train leave?

Express表达式

To show or make known a feeling or an opinion in words.

Expressing ability, e.g.I can swim.表达能力

Expressing intention, e.g.I’m planning to visit him next year.表达意图

Expressing necessity, e.g.He needs to get a new passport.表达需求

Expressing obligation, e.g.You must wear a seatbelt.表达职责

Expressing permission, e.g.Can I have a look at your book?表达许可

Expressing preference, e.g.I’d rather have coffee than tea.表达喜好

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Expressing probability, e.g.He should be in later.表达可能性

Formal (language):seeregister.

Formality (level of):seeregister.

Function

The reason or purpose for communication, e.g.making a suggestion;giving advice.

Functional exponent

A phrase which is an example of a function and shows the purpose of the speaker, e.g.Let’s.... Thisphrase is one way to make a suggestion. It is an example (orexponent) of the function of suggesting.Seefunction.

Greeting问候

To welcome someone, often with words, e.g.Hello,how are you?

Inappropriate:seeappropriacy.

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Informal (language):seeregister.

Informality (level of):seeregister.

Instructing

To order or tell someone to do something, e.g.Please turn to page 12 and do exercise 1.Negotiating协商用语

To have a discussion with someone to reach an agreement, e.g.If you help me now,I’ll he lp you nextweek.

Neutral中性语

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A style of speaking or writing that is neitherformalnorinformal, but in-between. It isappropriateformost situations.

Predicting预测

To say what you think is likely to happen, e.g.I think the story will end happily.

Register

The formality or informality of the language used in a particular situation. Formal register or language isused in serious or important situations, e.g. in a job application. Informal register or language is used inrelaxed or friendly situations, e.g. with family or friends.

Requesting,making a (polite) request提出要求

To ask someone politely to do something, e.g.Please could you open the window?

Speculating推测

To guess something, e.g.I think it might be an easy test.

Concepts and terminology for describing language skills对于描述语言技能的概念及术语

Accuracy准确性

The use of correct forms of grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation. In an accuracy activity, studentstypically give more attention to correctness. Seefluency.

Authenticity:seeauthentic material.

Context上下文

1. The situation in which language is used or presented in the classroom.

2. The words or phrases before or after a word which help a student to understand that word.Deduce meaning from context从上下文中推断意思

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To guess the meaning of an unknown word by using the information in a situation and/or around theword to help, e.g.

I drove my van to the town centre and parked it in the central car park.Vanmust be some kind ofvehicle because youdriveit andparkit.

Develop skills开发技能

To teach students how to do activities like listening, and help them to understand how to listen.Draftnoun + verb,re-draftverb草拟，草案

Adraftis a piece of writing that is not yet finished, and may be changed. A writer drafts a piece ofwriting. That is, they write it for the first time but not exactly as it will be when it is finished. When thewriting is changed, it isredrafted.

Edit编辑

To correct mistakes in a piece of writing, and perhaps shorten or change the words of some parts of thetext to make it clearer or easier to understand.

Extensive listening/reading泛读、泛听

Listening to or reading long pieces of text, such as stories. You may listen to or read some parts indetail and mayskimother parts. Seeintensive listening/reading.

Extract摘录

Part of a text.

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Fluency,oral fluency流利度

The use of connected speech at a natural speed without hesitation, repetition orself-correction. In afluency activity,students typically give more attention to the communication of meaning, rather thancorrectness. Seeaccuracy.

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Infer attitude,feeling,mood感情及情绪

To decide how a writer or speaker feels about something from the way that they speak or write, ratherthan from what they actually and openly say or the words they use.

Intensive listening/reading精读，精听

Reading or listening to focus on how language is used in a text. Seeextensive reading/listening.Interactionnoun,interactverb,interactive strategies互动

Interact ion is ‘two-way communication’. Interactive strategies are the means used, especially inspeaking, to keep people involved and interested in what is said, e.g. eye contact, use ofgestures,functionssuch as repeating,

asking for clarification.归类

Layout布局

The way in which parts of a text are organised and presented on a page. Certain texts have speciallayouts, e.g. letters and newspaper articles.

Listen/read for detail阅读获得更多的细节

To read or listen to a text in order to get meaning out of every word.

Listen/read for gist主旨性阅读

To read or listen to a text to understand its general meaning or purpose. Seeskim.

Listen/read for mood情感阅读

To read or listen to a text in order to identify the feelings of the writer or speaker. Seeinferattitude/feeling/mood.

Note-takingnoun,take notesverb

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Note-taking is one of thesubskillsof writing. To take notes means to write down ideas in short form.Oral fluency:seefluency.

Paragraphnoun + verb段落

A paragraph is part of a longer piece of writing such as an essay, which starts on a new line and usuallycontains a single new idea. When a writer is paragraphing,

he/she is creating paragraphs. Seetopicsentence.

Paraphrasenoun + verb转述

To say or write something in a short and clear way, using different words. If a learner is not sure of theexact language they need to use, they can paraphrase, i.e. explain their meaning using differentlanguage.

Predictionnoun,predictverb

A technique orlearner strategystudents can use to help with listening or reading. Students think aboutthetopicbefore they read or listen. They try to imagine what the topic will be or what they are going toread about or listen to.This makes it easier for them to understand what they read or hear.Processnoun

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