
何凯文长难句突破讲义完整版(含授课内容)
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2013文都考研英语长难句精讲班讲义
第一部分方法论讲解
?英文句子阅读的实际过程是什么?
?英文mind 中文
?英中文转化过程中在句子层面的障碍
语义(词汇)
语序
句子可以是这样的:There is something by reasonof which man is man.
①Thereis something. ②Man is man by reasonof(因为)which thisthing.
世间存在一种东西,人之所以是人,就是这种东西。
?英语句子的分类:
简单句和非简单句
简单句的定义:只含有一套主谓结构的句子
?简单句的障碍来源
简单句没有障碍的情况:
1.主语+谓语
2.主语+谓语+宾语
3. 主语+谓语+双宾语4. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
5.主语+系+表语(表语为形容词时候,表语又可以称作主语补足语)
William ,doyou takeJerry foryour lawful wife,to have and tohold,
fromthis day forward, forbetter, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in
sicknessandinhealth,until death do part you ?
简单句的障碍来源:(问题在于识别和处理)
1.定语2. 同位语 3. 插入语4. 状语
?简单句的障碍识别及处理方法
定语: 修饰和限定名词的成分;根据位置分为:前置定语;后置定语。(名字n.前后之分)
作用和识别:
前置定语(可以有多个定语)+n
Adj.物主代词;ving(单);;ved(单); n
?后置定语:
形容词短语a student unaware ofmy presence形容词+介词+名词
现在分词短语Otoman fighting with xiaoguaisou 现在分词ving+介+名;ving+名; ving+连词+句子
过去分词短语 a picture painted by Picasso ved+介+名
n. +动词不定式短语 a way tosolve thisproblemto+v(原形)
介词短语an apple on the table介+名词/(介+代代词就是代替名词的词语)
表语形容词作定语后置a cat alive 表语形容词充当定语后置
不定代词定语后置something important不定代词充当定语后置
处理:前置(翻译成中文的时候),也可以拆分,特别是后置定语较长的时候。
定语从句(不属于简单句范畴)
定语从句的作用:1,修饰和限定名词
▲2,连接两个具有共同名词的句子
3,表示因果关系
今生:.I have threebooksofwhichthe red ismy favorite.(of which叫做关系代词)
前世:①Ihavethree books. ②The red of those threebooks is my favorite .
定语从句的识别:
(基本结构)人称代词who,whom,which.that,as
名词+连接词+句子关系代词:物主代词whose
后加非完整句
定语从句的连接词:
关系连词:when,where,why,how
后加完整句
介词+关系代词(就是介词短语):as,that和who后加完整句/非完整句定语从句的处理方法:1拆分;2,找指代;3,还原
Eg1.A poemline describesafight between a Turkish andaBulgarian officeronabridge/off which they both fall intotheriver.
Eg2.Man isbornas a blank sheet of paper /on which eachculturewrites its text.
Eg3.Americaand Americans were prosperous beyond thedreams of the EuropeansandAsians whose economies the warhad destroyed. (whose 引导的定语从句后面表示因果关系)
Eg 4. The sunrisesthat looks beautiful.
练习:请将下面的两个句子用定语从句写成一个句子:
The ambitionmust be highly regarded(认同) by people/who are themselvesadmired.
The educated is notleastamong them.
The ambition must behighly regarded by people who arethemselves admired,
(The ambition must behighly regarded by people;People are admired bypeople.)Among whom educatedisnotleast .
The ambition must behighly regarded bypeople who are themselvesadmired,
(With) The educated not(being) least amongthem.独立主格结构
同位语:对一个名词或句子进行解释说明的另一个名字。
作用:为了增加句子的多样性和正式性。
识别:
处理:跳读
1 A,B,kevin,head of intelligence service(情报机关),is quiteNIU.前三种都是对名词进行说明
2 A—B—
A,B都是名字3A or B
4 句子—A这个名字A可以修饰前面句子中的一个名词,这个名字A也可以修饰前面的句子。
句子,A
5 A ofB
Eg1. TheCourt supported the medical principle of "double effect", acenturies-old moral principle(名词的修饰)
Eg2.Robots willhave to operatewith lesshuman supervisionand(并列动词做谓语will haveto)be able to make at leastafew decisionsfor themselves—goals/ that(指代goals,修饰整个句子) pose a real challenge.(句子的修饰)
A of B为同位语的条件:A为上义词,B为下义词上下义词又称为种属词,如fruit-apple ;city
-beijing
上下义词的作用:增加语言表达的多样性,增加语言表达的正式性
如,the computer上义词 the invention ;thetechnology下义词 the PC
除了定语从句中,其余句子中that 充当的是关系连词,表示只表连接,后面连接的都是完整句。
同位语从句:(不属于简单句的范畴)
作用:解释和说明前面一个名词
结构识别:
名词+连接词(只能用关系连词来充当,不能用关系代词充当,when,how,that)+句子(完整句);
名词+that+句子(完整句)
处理:从连接词处切分(连接词后)
例子:背。同位语从句
I haveadreamthat one daythis nation will rise upand live outthe truemeaning
of its creed -we holdthesetruthsto beself-evident, thatall men arecrea ted equal.
I haveadream that one day onthe red hills of Georgia, sonsof former s
laves andsons offormer slave-owners willbe able tosit downtogetherat the tableof brotherhood.
I have a dream thatone day,eventhe stateof Mississippi(同位语), a state swe
ltering with the heat of injustice(后置定语), swelteringwiththe heatofoppression(后置定语), will be transformedintoan oasis of freedom and justice.
I have a dream(省略了一个that) my four little children will one day live in anation/
(定语从句)wheretheywillnotbejudgedby the color oftheirskin but by the content oftheircharacter.
Ihave a dream today!
From I Havea Dream~ MartinLu ther King
?插入语:
作用:增加语言的表达多样性
识别:被两个逗号或者破折号隔开的成分。(任何成分都可充当插入语)
处理:跳读P8
万能插入语:
▲Ratherthan: 而不是(肯前否后)
I,rather than anyone else,am rather thanwas,the best,rather thangood,te acher,ratherthan police.
=iam thebestteacher.
?状语:状语在句子中的位置不固定。
作用:修饰和限定动词或形容词,有时也修饰整个句子(某些副词来充当的。)
例句:
She is admittedly reliable. 她是可靠的,这是被承认的。
It ispainfully apparentthat sheis a liar. 很明显她是一个骗子,这点令人痛心
He isobviously intelligent. 她非常聪明,这点很明显。
The tomato is technically(从严格的意义上来说)afruit.
从严格的意义上来说,西红柿是一个水果。
China's long-term modernization program understandably and necessarilyemp
hasizes economic growth.
中国长期现代化的羡慕强调经济的增长,这点是可被理解和必须的。
识别:尽量不把状语放在名词后
副词adv.l y结尾的,
现在分词短语
过去分词短语
过去不定式短语处理:剥离(从句子中提出来,用“这”开头)
介词短语
独立主格结构(欠)
例1:(现在分词短语,充当状语,跳读)Usingtechniques (方法)developed for theoffshoreoil and gasindustry(过去分词短语作定语修饰现在分词短语的名字做定语),theDSDP’s drillship, theGlomar Challenger(同位语。跳读), was able to maintain a steadyposition on the ocean’ssurface and drillin very deep waters(水域)(状语,跳读),extractingsamples of sedimentsand rocks from the ocean floor(状语,跳读). (From TOEFLauthentic test)
例2:Afew artcollectors---James Bowden Ⅲof Boston, William Byrdof Virgi nian, and the Aliens And Hamilton of Philadelphia---introducedEuropeanart traditions tothose colonists/privileged(过去分词,有个特权)to visit their galleries(翻译前置), especially as piringartists,and established (这里是和introduced并列的)i n their respectivecommuni tiestheidea[“动词+(介词+名1做状语)+名2”]of thevalueart and theneed for institutions制度/(省略了which are) devoted to its encouragement.(名词翻译成动词)(致力于鼓励价值艺术的制度) (FromTOEFL authentictest)
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