Chapter 6
American Expansion and the Civil War
1. The Louisiana Purchase ?Completed 1803,
?Negotiated by Robert Livingston during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson ?Acquired from France for $11,250,000.
?A vast region of more than 2.6 million square kilometers.
2. West Florida
?West Florida was declared by President James Madison to be a U.S. possession in 1810.
?Parts of the territory were held at various times by France, Spain, Britain, and the United
States (as well as the short-lived \
?Eventually, the United States assumed control over the entire region, which now forms parts
of the states of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida.
?It is about 155,000 square kilometers
Monroe Doctrine
Introduced on December 2, 1823
?The United States would not interfere in the affairs of colonies still owned by European nations in the New World.
?Further efforts by European governments to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed by the United States of America as acts of aggression requiring US intervention.
?The United States would not interfere with existing European colonies nor in the internal concerns of European countries.
?The Manroe doctrine laid the basis for a foreign policy that would make the United States the
economic and political leader in the West. James Monroe
?Came to the presidency at age 61 and after 40 years of government service
?Jefferson: so honest that if you should turn his soul inside out there would not be a spot on it. ?His style of dress reminded a
?Americans of the old days of the Founding Fathers.
Contribution of Monroe:
?Bought Florida from Spain in 1819;
?Peacefully resolved the problem of the admission of Missouri as a slave state; ?Put forward the Monroe doctrine.
3. Red River Basin
?Acquired in 1818 by treaty from the United Kingdom, namely the Anglo-American Convention of 1818.
4. Webster-Ashburton Treaty
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?1842
?Finalized the border between United States and Canada (a British colony at the time).
5. The Texas Annexation
?1. Mexican independence in 1820 ?2. American immigration into Mexico ?3. March 2,1836 Texas independence
?4. Sam Houston, commander of the army of the Texas Republic captured the Mexican leader.
At knifepoint, Santa Anna agreed to the Treaty of Velasco = the Rio Grand as the southwestern boundary of Texas.
?5. 1845, Texas was offered statehood by President Tylor
?President John Tyler signed a treaty of annexation with Texas in April 1844.
James Polk as president
?A humorless individual with a secretive bent; physically, he was a sickly small man with a thin face and piercing gray eyes. ?The Oregon question
?Polk’s platform in 1844: the reoccupation of Oregon ?1846 the Oregon Treaty
6. Oregon Country,
?The area of North America west of the Rockies to the Pacific, was jointly controlled by the U.S. and the United Kingdom following the Anglo-American Convention of 1818 until 1846 when the Oregon Treaty divided the territory at the 49th parallel
?1845 US offered 20million for Mexico and California
?Polk sent Taylor to occupy the bank of the Rio Grand, 16 Americans were killed ?Polk: shedding of American blood on American soil
?We have just as good a reason for it [war] as a strong nation ever had against a weak one. =
the precise expression of Manifest Destiny天定命运
?He was the first president to retire after a single term without seeking re-election. He died of
cholera 霍乱 three months after his term ended.
?Polk secured the Oregon Territory (including Washington, Oregon and Idaho), amounting to
738,000 km2, then purchased 1,360,000 km2 through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican–American War. 7. Mexican Cession lands
?a product of the Mexican-American War and the subsequent Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,
signed February 2, 1848. In this treaty, Mexico gave the U.S. parts of what is Texas, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and Wyoming, and the whole of California, Nevada and Utah and recognized the Rio Grande as Texas' Southern border.
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?The United States paid Mexico $15 million. In addition, the United States agreed to pay claims
made by American citizens against Mexico, which amounted to more than $3 million.
8. Gadsden Purchase of 1853
? United States purchased a strip of land along the U.S.-Mexico border for $10 million, now in New Mexico and Arizona. This territory was later used for the southern transcontinental railroad.
9. Alaska Purchase
?from the Russian Empire for $7,200,000 in 1867. ?The area is twice as large as the origional 13 colonies
Secretary of State William H. Seward
?Engineered the purchase of Alaska from Russia in an act that was ridiculed at the time as
\
?Carl Schurz: Seward as \go ahead of public opinion
instead of tamely following its footprints.\ Nicknames given to the place:
?\?Seward's Icebox,\
?Andrew Johnson's \
?His last words were to his children saying, \
?Alaska is the largest state in the United States in land area at 1,518,800 km2, much larger than Texas, the next largest state.
?Alaska is larger than all but 18 sovereign countries. ?Alaska has more than three million lakes. ?Alaska has half of the world's glacier's.
?Alaska ranks second in the nation in crude oil production.
?Substantial coal deposits are found in Alaska;
?2,420 km3 trillion of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas from natural gas ;
?Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and
other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products.
1. Missouri Compromise state.
?Allowed Missouri to be admitted as a slave state, while Maine was to be admitted as a free ? An imaginary line across the Louisiana Purchase territory at 36 degree north was drawn, the
further spread of slavery was to be prohibited ―forever‖ north of the line.
?The Missouri Compromise postponed further tension between North and South for a few
years.
2. Compromise of 1850
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?In late 1849, California drew up a constitution outlawing slavery and applied for admission to
the union.
?The Utah and New Mexico territories were waiting to be organized as free areas.
Henry Clay’s Package
?The balance between slave and free states in the Senate would be destroyed, probably forever.
?Immediate admission of California as a free state,
?The organization of territorial governments in New Mexico and Utah without mention of
slavery,
?A new and stringent fugitive-slave law逃亡奴隶法 , and the abolition of domestic slave-trade in
the District of Columbia. Henry Clay:
The Great Compromiser
?Spoke in favor of his resolutions; he argued that the Union must be preserved and that the
spirit of compromise must carry the day. John C. Calhoun:
?―The Federal Union can be saved only by satisfying the South.‖ ? ―The South’s fate now lay in the hands of God.‖
Daniel Webster
?Argued in favor of concession.
?―I speak today for the preservation of the Union. Hear me for my cause.‖
Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois
?Gather support for each section of Clay’s package.
?With congresional approval the only hurtle that remained was President Taylor, who had
earlier indicated he could probably veto the measures.
?What was the final result of the bill? ?Make a guess!!
Millard Fillmore, Douglas:
?a strong advocate of compromise, became president
?It would ease relations in both North and South, because the South could expand slavery to
new territories but the North still had the right to abolish slavery in their states.
?Opponents: as a concession to the slave power of the South.
?The new Republican Party, which was created in opposition to the act, aimed to stop the
expansion of slavery.
?On January 29, 1861, just before the start of the Civil War, Kansas was admitted to the Union
as a free state. Abraham Lincoln
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?On March 4, 1861, Abaham Lincoln took the oath of office.
?―We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies.‖
?on April 12, 1861, a bombardment of Fort Sumter began. The first shot of the war had been
fired.
?With the attack on Fort Sumter, Lincoln called for 45,000 volunteers and a naval blockade of
the South. The states of North Carolina, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Virginia left the Union and joined the Confederacy.
Abraham Lincoln
?16th President of the United States
?Born on February 12, 1809, to two uneducated farmers, in a one-room log cabin on the
348-acre (1.4 km2) Sinking Spring Farm,
?The first president born west of the Appalachians
Before his election in 1860 as the first Republican president
?Lincoln had been a country lawyer, ?An Illinois state legislator,
?A member of the United States House of Representatives,
?Twice an unsuccessful candidate for election to the U.S. Senate.
Before his election in 1860 as the first Republican president
?Lincoln had been a country lawyer, ?An Illinois state legislator,
?A member of the United States House of Representatives,
?Twice an unsuccessful candidate for election to the U.S. Senate.
?Lincoln's formal education consisted of about 18 months of schooling, but he was largely
self-educated and an avid reader.
?'A house divided against itself cannot stand.'(Mark 3:25) I believe this government cannot
endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other.\
Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858
?Lincoln: \ ?Stephen Douglas: emphasized the supremacy of democracy,
?that local settlers should be free to choose whether to allow slavery or not and could overrule
judicial rulings.
1860 Presidential election
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