布局小径(国际象棋)5

布局小径5：心仪的布局

Gary Lane

很多时候，人们都会抱怨“可恶的”对手走棋沉闷但不失，而避开了自己所心仪的变化。当卡斯帕罗夫在1990年世界冠军对抗赛中以苏格兰开局迎战卡尔波夫时，他让全世界、更重要的是让卡尔波夫大吃一惊。[这种由来已久的布局]的主要变化已经被广泛分析过了，而那些被忽视的变化就不那么为人注意。

英格兰的一位读者想更多了解这个变化：“1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 d4 exd4 4 Nxd4 Bc5 5 Be3 Qf6 6 c3 Nge7，之后黑方如何回应7 Qd2 然后意图 8 Nb5”

卡斯帕罗夫的标准走法是7 Bc4 ，但7 Qd2引起的变化也可能是狡猾的。明显想走8 Nb5 ，但有时8 f4 也不错。有个例子示范了这个变化的长久历史，也能看出如果黑方走

得被动将会发生什么事情： 保尔森—比尔 纽伦堡 1883

1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 d4 exd4 4 Nxd4 Bc5 5 Be3 Qf6 6 c3 Nge7 7 Qd2 （图1） 7...Nd8?

这样对黑方局面没有帮助，且容许白方轻松出棋。 8 f4 d6 9 Bd3 Ne6 10 e5 dxe5?

光看布局伊始，黑方就注定物质力量损失惨重。

11 Nxe6 Bxe3 12 Bb5+ Nc6 13 Nxc7+ Kf8 14 Qxe3 Rb8 15 Qc5+ Qe7 16 Qxe7+ 1-0

如果想阻止马到b5而反射式地走 7...a6 ，注定不被人所看好，因为 8 f4 d6 9 Be2 之后白方拥有满意的空间优势。1994年H.Schneider-H.Kaulfuss的对局继续如下：9...Qg6 10 Nxc6 Bxe3 11 Qxe3 Nxc6 12 0-0 0-0 13 Nd2 Re8 14 Qf3 f5 15 Bd3 Bd7 16 exf5 Qh6 (16...Bxf5 17 Qd5+ Be6 18 Bxg6 Bxd5 19 Bxe8 白方可胜) 17 Rae1 Kf8 18 Qg3 Ne7 19 Qg5 Qf6 20 g4 ，多出的一兵给了白方精彩一局。

我记得在法国一次联赛中，英国特级大师迈尔斯遇到的是 7 Qd2。 鲁普—迈尔斯

Cappelle la Grande 1994

1 e4 Nc6 2 d4 e5 3 Nf3 exd4 4 Nxd4 Qf6 5 Be3 Bc5 6 c3 Nge7 7 Qd2 0-0 8 Nb5 Bxe3 9 Qxe3 d5! （图2）

积极的续着，不担心孤兵正确，作为报答是得到积极的形势。 10 Nxc7 Rb8 11 Nxd5 Nxd5 12 exd5 Nb4!

关键一步，决定了白方没空巩固局势。在I.Rothman-J.Curdo1费城1995那盘棋里，走的是12...Bg4?!，目的是利用白王暴露之机，但是还不够有力，接着 13 Nd2 Rbe8 14 Ne4 Qg6 15 f3 Bf5 16 Bd3 Ne5 17 0-0-0 Nxd3+ 18 Rxd3 Bxe4 19 fxe4 Rxe4 20 Qd2，白方多兵，胜利不难。 13 Qd2

这步棋，很容易被13 cxb4 吃马诱惑，但那会导致快速崩溃：13...Qxb2 14 Qc3 Re8+ 15 Kd1 Qxf2 ，黑方有多种攻击手段。 13...Re8+ 14 Be2 Bg4 15 f3 Nxd5!

对1993年Lupu-Solozhen对局的改进，那盘当时是：15...Bxf3 16 gxf3 Qxf3 17 Rg1 Nd3+ 18 Kd1 Nf2+，之后步向和棋。 16 0-0?!

如此一来，就太让黑方为所欲为了。严厉的考验是 16 Qxd5 Rad8 17 Qxb7，然后可 17...Bc8!? 18 Qxa7 Ba6 19 0-0 Rxe2! 20 Na3 Red2!，威胁以...Qg5，黑方优势。

16... Nf4 17 Bd1 Rbd8 18 Qf2 Bh3 黑胜。

爱尔兰的约拿丹朋友写信来问有关反马歇尔开局的问题，“1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 Bb5 a6 4 Ba4 Nf6 5 O-O Be7 6 Re1 b5 7 Bb3 O-O 8 a4[反马歇尔] 8...Bb7 9 c3 d6 。他找过关于西班牙开局这路变化的书，但提及的不多。记得卡斯帕罗夫1993年PCA世界冠军对抗赛中，曾多次运用这个对付肖特。他问反马歇尔开局对白方真的那么好吗？还是只不过用来骚扰？”

是啊，卡斯帕罗夫布局当然是成功的，很好地处理了自己的心仪布局，避开了肖特着手准备过的马歇尔。有人认为这是肖特精神上的胜利，但他头两盘执黑就输给这种布局，我怀疑这种“精神上的胜利”是否只是阿Q精神。那次对抗倍受公众关注，当然激发了众多业余棋手饶过关于马歇尔的那一重又一重的理论，而去开拓成功的捷径。反马歇尔开局在最高级别之中仍然流行，而且白方战绩一般不错，例如希洛夫在1998年奥林匹克赛执白的一盘棋： 1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 Bb5 a6 4 Ba4 Nf6 5 0-0 Be7 6 Re1 b5 7 Bb3 0-0 8 a4 Bb7 9 d3 (图3) 反马歇尔的主要局面。

9...d6 10 Nbd2 Nd7 11 c3 Nc5 12 Bc2 Nxa4 13 Bxa4 bxa4 14 Qxa4 Kh8 15 Nc4 f5 16 Ne3 fxe4 17 dxe4 Qe8 18 Nf5 Bd8?!（这里希洛夫建议黑方走18...Qg6，局势不明）。最后这盘棋白方到第49步取胜。

至于你那盘对局，在9...d6之后为什么难以找到有关这个局面的情报呢？原因是因为它转化成了封闭式西班牙那条路线，即通常是这样出现的：1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 Bb5 a6 4 Ba4 Nf6 5 0-0 Be7 6 Re1 b5 7 Bb3 d6 8 c3 0-0 9 a4 Bb7。

当然，反马歇尔未必都对每个人的口味，因为局面的变化也给了黑方许多制造反击的机会。何况，真的要怕马歇尔吗？迈克·亚当斯，在最近一次比赛中，维持了这个弃一兵而得到特别复杂变化的布局之荣誉。

朱迪·波尔加—亚当斯 Dos Hermanas 1999

1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 Bb5 a6 4 Ba4 Nf6 5 0-0 Be7 6 Re1 b5 7 Bb3 0-0 8 c3 d5 明说就是要走马歇尔弃兵。

9 exd5 Nxd5 10 Nxe5 Nxe5 11 Rxe5 c6 12 d3 12 d4 也是主流选择之一。

12...Bd6 13 Re1 Qh4 14 g3 Qh3 15 Re4 Qf5 16 Nd2 Qg6 17 Re1 f5 （图4）

曾有人走过17...Qxd3?? ，然后18 Bc2 之后，黑方可以收拾棋子放回棋盒了。 18 Qf3

第二轮阿南德曾经以18 a4 对付亚当斯，然后：18...Rb8 19 axb5 axb5 20 Nf3 f4 21 Ne5 Bxe5 22 Rxe5 fxg3 23 fxg3 Bg4 24 Qe1 Bh3 25 Be3 Rf1+ 26 Qxf1 Bxf1 27 Rxf1 Rf8 28 Rxf8+ ?? 18...Kh8 19 Bd1

如果白方贪婪地 19 Bxd5 cxd5 20 Qxd5 Ra7，黑方回报不错，因为他的白格象是个威慑性力量。 19...f4 20 g4 h5 21 h3 Nf6 22 Qg2 hxg4 23 hxg4 Bxg4 24 Re6! （图5） 这可算得是明星着法。栓住了象意味着不能吃车，亚当斯将会失子。 24...Qh5!

富有灵感的构思，放弃一子换得对暴露的白王保持压力。而别的选择似乎大局将定： a) 24...Rad8 25 Ne4，有 Nxd6 和 Nxf6 的双重威胁，跟着拿掉g4，看来是决定性的；

b) 24...Rae8 似乎符合开局的积极精神，但在战术上有缺陷，25 Qxg4! ，这样当 25...Nxg4 26 Rxg6 Re1+ 27 Kg2 Rxd1 28 Rxg4，黑方危机。

25 Bxg4 Nxg4 26 Rxd6 Rae8 27 Ne4 Ne5 28 f3 Nxf3+ 29 Kf2 Nh4 30 Qh1 g5 31 b4 g4 32 Bb2 g3+ 33 Kg1 Nf3+ 34 Kg2 Nh2 35 c4+ Kg8 （图6）

36 Qd1?

乔·斯皮尔曼建议白方应走 36 Kg1，可有进展，他的分析是：36...f3 37 Nxg3 f2+ 38 Kg2 f1Q+ 39 Qxf1! Rxf1 40 Nxh5 Re2+ 41 Kh3 Rxb2 42 Rxf1 Nxf1 Rxc6，白方胜利机会更大。所以，那样亚当斯就只能满足于以重复局面谋和了，即：

36...Nf3+ 37 Kg2 Nh2 38 Kg1 Nf3+

36... f3+ 37 Kxg3 Qg4+ 38 Kf2 Qh4+ 39 Ke3 Qf4+ 40 Kd4 Qe5+ 41 Ke3 Ng4+ 42 Kd2 Qxb2+ 43 Qc2 Qxa1 44 Rg6+ Kh7 45 Rxg4 f2 黑方胜。

最后，美国的michael问了一个问题：“为什么特级大师走白方时，有时第一步棋就坐在那里想10分钟？他们在想什么？不是已经准备了好久好久了吗？这不是浪费时间吗？难道他们想从心理上战胜对手吗？” 你设想的所有原因，都有部分符合事实的一面。不过你尽可担保，如果他们输了，会抱怨时间不够的。

出处: ChessCafe的专栏Opening Lanes 译者: essence99 类型: 节译

Opening Lanes by Gary Lane

Mind Games

The psychology behind the choice of openings can arguably be sometimes just as important as knowing the latest new move in a variation. There are many cases where someone complains

that their mean opponent avoided their favourite line by playing something boring but good. When Kasparov started playing the Scotch against Karpov in the World Championship Match,

Lyon 1990 he surprised the chess world and more importantly

his opponent. Kasparov personally created a surge of interest in the opening which has remained ever since. The main lines

have been extensively analysed so the neglected variations are under investigation.

Ms Kanwal Bhatia (England) wants to know more about such a line. \Qf6 6 c3 Nge7, how should Black respond to 7 Qd2 intending 8 Nb5?\

The standard move as played by Kasparov is 7 Bc4 but the

variation with 7 Qd2 can be tricky. The idea is the obvious 8 Nb5 but in some cases 8 f4 is also good. An old example

demonstrates the long history of the line but also what happens if Black plays passively: Paulsen-Bier Nuernberg 1883 1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 d4 exd4 4 Nxd4 Bc5 5 Be3 Qf6 6 c3 Nge7 7 Qd2 (See Diagram) 7...Nd8? This does little to help Black's

position and allows White to easily develop. 8 f4 d6 9 Bd3 Ne6

10 e5 dxe5? Straight from the opening Black is destined to lose a lot of material. 11 Nxe6 Bxe3 12 Bb5+ Nc6 13 Nxc7+ Kf8 14 Qxe3 Rb8 15 Qc5+ Qe7 16 Qxe7+ 1-0

A reflex action is to play 7...a6 to stop the knight coming to b5 but this deservedly has a poor reputation because after 8 f4 d6 9 Be2 White has a pleasant space advantage. The game

H.Schneider-H.Kaulfuss, Hessenliga 1994 continued: 9...Qg6 10 Nxc6 Bxe3 11 Qxe3 Nxc6 12 0-0 0-0 13 Nd2 Re8 14 Qf3 f5 15 Bd3 Bd7 16 exf5 Qh6 (16...Bxf5 17 Qd5+ Be6 18 Bxg6 Bxd5 19 Bxe8 gives White a winning position) 17 Rae1 Kf8 18 Qg3 Ne7 19 Qg5 Qf6 20 g4 and the extra pawn gave White an excellent game.

I remember being at a tournament in Northern France where Miles played against 7 Qd2. The English grandmaster later remarked that his opponent was under the impression that the best line was a drawing variation. However, as Miles was one of the first people in the tournament to win he was obviously wrong.

M.Lupu-A. Miles Cappelle la Grande 1994 1 e4 Nc6 2 d4 e5 3 Nf3 exd4 4 Nxd4 Qf6 5 Be3 Bc5 6 c3 Nge7 7 Qd2 0-0 8 Nb5 Bxe3 9 Qxe3 d5! (See Diagram) An energetic continuation

which rightly ignores the concerns over the odd pawn in return for active play. 10 Nxc7 Rb8 11 Nxd5 Nxd5 12 exd5 Nb4! A key move to make sure White has no time to consolidate his position. 12...Bg4?! was seen in I.Rothman-J.Curdo,

Philadelphia 1995. The idea is to exploit the exposed king but is not convincing: 13 Nd2 Rbe8 14 Ne4 Qg6 15 f3 Bf5 16 Bd3 Ne5 17 0-0-0 Nxd3+ 18 Rxd3 Bxe4 19 fxe4 Rxe4 20 Qd2

when White's extra pawn should ensure victory. 13 Qd2 It is tempting to snatch the knight with 13 cxb4 but it leads to instant ruin after 13...Qxb2 14 Qc3 Re8+ 15 Kd1 Qxf2 with a vicious attack for Black. 13...Re8+ 14 Be2 Bg4 15 f3 Nxd5! An improvement on the game Lupu-Solozhenkin, Spain 1993

which continued 15...Bxf3 and led to a draw after 16 gxf3 Qxf3 17 Rg1 Nd3+ 18 Kd1 Nf2+. 16 0-0?! This allows Black to have all the fun. A sterner test is 16 Qxd5 Rad8 17 Qxb7 when Wells suggests 17...Bc8!? 18 Qxa7 Ba6 19 0-0 Rxe2! 20 Na3 Red2! with the threat of ...Qg5 giving Black the advantage. 16... Nf4 17 Bd1 Rbd8 18 Qf2 Bh3 (See Diagram) 0-1

Jonathan O'Connor (Ireland) writes: \

the other day. It went: 1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 Bb5 a6 4 Ba4 Nf6 5 O-O Be7 6 Re1 b5 7 Bb3 O-O 8 a4 [Anti Marshall] 8...Bb7 9 c3 d6 [9...d5 is apparently better] 10 d4 Qd7?! 11 Nbd2 Kh8?! 12 Nf1 Ng8? 13 dxe5 (See Diagram) and I eventually pulled in

the full point. I looked up the line in a book on the Spanish, but there isn't much on these lines, and I remember Kasparov played it a lot against Short in their World Championship match. So is the anti-Marshall any good for White, or did Kasparov just play it to annoy Short?\

Kasparov certainly had success against Short and handled the mind games well by avoiding his preparation in the Marshall. In his book on the match The Inner Game Dominic Lawson

noted how Short thought this was initially a moral victory but I suspect that faded after he lost his first two games with Black against the opening. The match received enormous publicity

which has certainly inspired plenty of club players to avoid the mass of theory associated with the Marshall and to employ the shortcut to success. The Anti-Marshall is still popular at the highest level with generally good results for White. For

example Shirov played it against Blatny at the Elista Olympiad in 1998.

1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 Bb5 a6 4 Ba4 Nf6 5 0-0 Be7 6 Re1 b5 7 Bb3 0-0 8 a4 Bb7 9 d3 (See Diagram) This is the main anti- Marshall position. 9...d6 10 Nbd2 Nd7 11 c3 Nc5 12 Bc2 Nxa4 13 Bxa4 bxa4 14 Qxa4 Kh8 15 Nc4 f5 16 Ne3 fxe4 17 dxe4 Qe8 18 Nf5 Bd8?! In his notes to the game Shirov suggests 18...Qg6 is unclear. 19 Bg5 g6 20 Ne3 Kg7 21 Nd5 Qf7 22 Be3 h6 23 c4 g5 24 c5 Ne7 25 Nc3 Qe6 26 Rad1 Bc6 27 Qc2 Ng6 28 Nd2 h5 29 cxd6 cxd6 30 Nf1 h4 31 Qd2 h3 32 Ng3 hxg2 33 Qxd6 Qc8 34 Nd5 Ba4 35 Nf5+ Rxf5 36 Rc1 Bc2 37 exf5 Qxf5 38 Bd2 Nh4 39 Re3 Rc8 40 Bc3 Kh7 41 Qxe5 Qxe5 42 Bxe5 Rc5 43 Nb4 Bb6 44 Nxc2 Rxe5 45 Rxe5 Nf3+ 46 Kxg2 Nxe5 47 Ne3 Nd3 48 Rc6 Bd4 49 b3 1-0

In your game the reason why it is difficult to find information on the position after 9...d6 is because it has transposed to a closed Spanish line that normally occurs after 1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 Bb5 a6 4 Ba4 Nf6 5 0-0 Be7 6 Re1 b5 7 Bb3 d6 8 c3 0- 0 9 a4 Bb7. In the game D.Prasad-G.Joshi, India Ch 1994, White used his space advantage to good effect by making

progress on the queenside. The game continued: 10 d4 Re8 The main alternative is 10...Na5 when after 11 Bc2 Nd7 12 Nbd2 c5

13 dxc5 dxc5 14 Nf1 White has a slight advantage. 11 Nbd2 Bf8 12 d5 Nb8 13 Qe2 Qd7 14 c4 A classic way for White to lessen the impact of the forthcoming ...c6. The point is that with the queen on d7 a normal move such 14...bxc4 is met by 15 Nxc4 when ...c6 is ruled out due to Nb6. 14...c6 15 dxc6 Nxc6 16 axb5 axb5 17 Rxa8 Bxa8 18 cxb5 Nb4 (See

Diagram) For the price of a pawn Black has some temporary

piece activity but it is not enough compensation. 19 Rd1 h6 20 Ne1 Rc8 21 Bc4 Qa7 22 b3 d5 23 exd5 Nbxd5 24 Bb2 Re8 25 Ra1 Qd7 26 Nf1 Nf4 27 Qd2 Qg4 28 Ne3 Qg5 29 Rxa8! The attack is snuffed out and White can go on the offensive. 29...Rxa8 30 Nf3 Ne4 31 Qc2 Nh3+ 32 Kf1 Qf4 1-0

Of course, the Anti-Marshall is not to everyone's taste as the positional lines gives Black plenty of opportunities to create counterplay. Is the Marshall really to be feared? In the world's elite Michael Adams has often had the chance to play his beloved opening usually after his opponent has prepared a novelty around move 25! At the recent Dos Hermanas

tournament, Adams maintained the honour of an opening that sacrifices a pawn in return for extraordinary complicated variations.

J.Polgar-Adams Dos Hermanas 1999 1 e4 e5 2 Nf3 Nc6 3 Bb5 a6 4 Ba4 Nf6 5 0-0 Be7 6 Re1 b5 7 Bb3 0-0 8 c3 d5 The move that signals the Marshall. Of course, it is named after Frank Marshall who played it against Capablanca in the New York tournament 1918. 9 exd5 Nxd5 10 Nxe5 Nxe5 11 Rxe5 c6 12 d3 12 d4 is a major alternative. 12...Bd6 13 Re1 Qh4 14 g3 Qh3 15 Re4 Qf5 16 Nd2 Qg6 17 Re1 f5 (See Diagram)

17...Qxd3?? has been played here and after 18 Bc2 Black can put the pieces back into the box. 18 Qf3 In round two Anand had tried 18 a4 against Adams but had made little progress; The game continued: 18...Rb8 19 axb5 axb5 20 Nf3 f4 21 Ne5 Bxe5 22 Rxe5 fxg3 23 fxg3 Bg4 24 Qe1 Bh3 25 Be3 Rf1+ 26 Qxf1 Bxf1 27 Rxf1 Rf8 28 Rxf8+ ?? 18...Kh8 19 Bd1

Black has good compensation after the greedy 19 Bxd5 cxd5 20 Qxd5 Ra7 when Black's light-square bishop will be a menace. 19...f4 20 g4 h5 21 h3 Nf6 22 Qg2 hxg4 23 hxg4 Bxg4 24 Re6! (See Diagram)

This would appear to be a star move. The pin on the bishop means that the rook cannot be taken and Adams will suffer a

material loss. 24...Qh5! An inspired idea to give up a piece in return for maintaining the pressure on White's exposed king. The alternatives seem to dictate the decision: a) 24...Rad8 25 Ne4 and the twin threats of Nxd6 and Nxf6 followed by taking on g4 looks decisive. b) 24...Rae8 seems to be in the spirit of the opening by activating but is tactically flawed after 25 Qxg4! when 25...Nxg4 26 Rxg6 Re1+ 27 Kg2 Rxd1 28 Rxg4 leaves Black busted. 25 Bxg4 Nxg4 26 Rxd6 Rae8 27 Ne4 Ne5 28 f3 Nxf3+ 29 Kf2 Nh4 30 Qh1 g5 31 b4 g4 32 Bb2 g3+ 33 Kg1 Nf3+ 34 Kg2 Nh2 35 c4+ Kg8 (See Diagram) 36 Qd1? Jon

Speelman suggests that White can improve with 36 Kg1 when his analysis continues 36...f3 37 Nxg3 f2+ 38 Kg2 f1Q+ 39 Qxf1! Rxf1 40 Nxh5 Re2+ 41 Kh3 Rxb2 42 Rxf1 Nxf1 Rxc6 when White has the better chances for victory. Therefore,

Adams should be content to settle for a draw with 36...Nf3+ 37 Kg2 Nh2 38 Kg1 Nf3+ repeating the position. 36... f3+ 37 Kxg3 Qg4+ 38 Kf2 Qh4+ 39 Ke3 Qf4+ 40 Kd4 Qe5+ 41 Ke3 Ng4+ 42 Kd2 Qxb2+ 43 Qc2 Qxa1 44 Rg6+ Kh7 45 Rxg4 f2 0-1

Finally, Michael de la Maza (USA) asks a question that has been puzzling generations of players: \playing White sometimes sit down at the table and then spend ten minutes thinking about their first move? What are they thinking about ? Haven't they had hours and hours to prepare? Isn't this a waste of time? Are they trying to psychologically outmanoeuvre their opponent?\

All your reasons why have an element of truth in them but you can guarantee that if they lose it will be blamed on time- trouble.

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