岩土工程原位测试技术

岩土工程原位测试技术

西南交通大学岩土工程系

2005．2

目 录

绪 论 ··································································································································································· 1 第1章 地基静载荷试验 ··························································································································· 5

1.1 试验设备和方法 ····························································································· 5 1.2 基本测试原理································································································· 8 1.3 试验成果的整理分析 ···················································································· 10 1.4 螺旋板载荷试验要点 ···················································································· 12 1.5 复合地基载荷试验要点················································································· 13 1.6 岩石地基载荷试验要点················································································· 14 1.7 小 结 ········································································································· 15 第2章 静力触探试验······························································································································ 16

2.1 试验设备和方法 ··························································································· 17 2.2 基本测试原理······························································································· 22 2.3 试验成果的整理 ··························································································· 23 2.4 静力触探成果的应用 ···················································································· 24 2.5 小 结 ········································································································· 27 第3章 圆锥动力触探和标准贯入试验 ····························································································· 28

3.1 试验设备和方法 ··························································································· 28 3.2 基本测试原理······························································································· 33 3.3 试验成果的整理分析 ···················································································· 34 3.4 试验成果的应用 ··························································································· 37 3.5 小 结 ········································································································· 39 第4章 旁压试验 ······································································································································· 41

4.1 试验设备和方法 ··························································································· 41 4.2 基本测试原理······························································································· 41 4.3 试验成果的整理分析 ···················································································· 41 4.4 试验成果的应用 ··························································································· 41 4.5 小 结 ········································································································· 41 第5章 波速试验 ······································································································································· 42

5.1 试验设备和方法 ··························································································· 42 5.2 基本测试原理······························································································· 45 5.3 试验成果的整理分析 ···················································································· 46 5.4 试验成果的工程应用 ···················································································· 48 第6章 基桩静载荷试验 ························································································································· 49

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6.1 基桩竖向抗压静载试验················································································· 50 6.2 基桩竖向抗拔静载试验················································································· 64 6.3 基桩横向静载试验························································································ 68 第7章 基桩动荷载试验 ························································································································· 77

7.1 概 述 ········································································································· 77 7.2 反射波法······································································································ 80 7.3 CASE法 ······································································································· 86 第8章 锚杆抗拔试验····························································································································101

8.1 概 述 ········································································································101 8.2 锚杆抗拔试验的设备和方法·········································································102 第9章 深基坑工程的监测与检测 ····································································································107

9.1 概 述 ········································································································107 9.2 基坑侧壁的安全等级与监测项目··································································109 9.3 基坑开挖监测······························································································110 9.4 围护结构的监测与质量检测·········································································111 9.5 基坑周边环境的监测 ···················································································112 9.6 若干问题的讨论 ··························································································113 主要参考书目 ·················································································································································116

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绪 论

一. 岩土工程的发展历史

岩土工程（Geotechnical Engineering）一词使用得很广泛，但迄今尚无统一的定义。按大百科全书土木工程卷：

岩土工程——各项土木工程中涉及岩石或土的利用、整治或改造的科学技术。以土力学、工程地质学及岩体力学为理论基础，通过各种勘测技术和专门计算机及数值分析等方法并结合工程设计、施工条件及在动力地质作用下的场地地质性状，以及开挖、支护、降水等特殊工程要求，提出对岩土体的评价，并指导工程的设计和施工。

除此之外，在国内外的各类文献中还可以见到一些定义。例如美国地质学术语辞典： 岩土工程——为解决工程问题，将科学方法和工程原理应用于对地壳物质知识的获得、阐明和利用，使地球更适于人类居住的科学。它包含土力学、岩石力学以及地质学、地球物理学、水文学等有关学科的诸多方面。

在岩土工程的性质、研究对象、研究方法和工作范围等基本属性上，各种文献给出的解释有一些重要差别。比如：是科学还是技术（工程）？是指导设计与施工，还是本身就包括设计与施工？检测及其地位等等。

岩土工程是否是一门独立的学科？学术界的看法是不一致的。三个条件：独立的研究对象，独特的研究方法与一个大学科的归属。可以认为，岩土工程是一个隶属于土木工程的分支学科。

建议采用下述定义：

以土力学、岩石力学和工程地质学为理论基础的土木工程中与岩土体直接相关的工程。 岩土工程的工程属性。它是处理工程问题，以工程问题为工作对象的学科。作为一门工程，应包括勘察、设计、施工和检测4个方面才是完整的。

岩土工程隶属于土木工程学科，是由地基与基础工程、边坡工程、深基坑工程、路基工程、地下洞室工程、岩土爆破工程、灌浆工程和地质灾害防治工程等分支构成的，其涉及到的领域有：能源、交通、城市建设、矿山、江河海洋和环境工程等等。随着经济建设的发展和学科间的交叉渗透，岩土工程的工作内容和所涉及到的领域还在扩大。

岩土工程是一门年轻的学科，它只有几十年的发展历史。

1925年，太沙基的经典著作《土力学》问世，这既是现代土力学的诞生之年，也奠定了岩土工程的理论基础。1948年，英国的《岩土工程》杂志（Geotechnique）创刊。以后，岩土工程才作为一个专门的名词术语在技术文献中广泛地使用。当时该杂志的封面上标注有《国际土力学杂志》的副标题，而且一直保留了24年之久。从杂志的内容看，所发表的主要是土力学和地基基础方面的文章。显然，当时的编辑部是把土力学作为岩土工程的基础，并把地基基础作为岩土工程的核心内容的。

20世纪60年代以后，澳大利亚、新西兰和印度等国家相继把他们的土力学地基和基础学会改名为岩土工程学会。美国的ASCE杂志的《土力学基础工程》分册也于1974年改名为《岩土工

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程》分册。名称的改变意味着其研究内容、活动范围以及要解决的问题也有了相应的变化。

近二十年来，岩土工程在科学理论和工程技术方面有了很大进展，如在土力学理论和土工测试中，从对饱和土的研究进展到对非饱和土的研究，从室内常规测试到原位测试新技术的应用，在软土地基变形的控制技术方面从静态设计进展到动态设计的考虑土体在施工中时空效应的研究，在物理模型试验中土的离心机模型试验的应用与发展，以及在地基处理技术等方面的新进展等都令人瞩目。

岩土工程是一门实践性很强的学科，由于岩土体构成的复杂性、地域性和易受施工扰动的多变性，与其他学科相比，它还处于不够成熟和不够完善的状况。一方面，在岩土工程中解决问题的技术难度很大，而另一方面，在岩土工程中科技发展的潜力也很大。目前，在岩土工程中仍采用以工程试验为基础，理论为指导，借助施工监测等手段，不断地反馈和修正设计施工方案的方法来解决工程实际问题。

二. 岩土工程原位测试的内容及在工程建设中的地位

一般而言，岩土工程测试包含了室内试验和原位测试两大部分。室内试验包含了常规的土工试验和模型试验，其主要优点是可以控制试验条件，而其根本性的缺陷则在于试验对象难以反映其天然条件下的性状和工作环境，抽样的数量也相对有限，以至于所测的结果严重失真，一般地，也费时费力。岩土工程的原位测试一般是指在工程现场通过特定的测试仪器对测试对象进行试验，并运用岩土力学的基本原理对测试数据进行归纳、分析、抽象和推理以判断其状态或得出其性状参数的综合性试验技术。

原位测试技术的优点在于： （1）不用取样； （2）样本数量大； （3）快速、经济。

岩土工程中的原位测试技术可用于岩土工程的各个分支工程中，它贯穿于工程的各个阶段，在不同的阶段中有着不同的功能。岩土工程中的原位测试技术包含如下种类：

1．基本测试技术：

（1）载荷试验（平板、螺旋板）； （2）静力触探试验； （3）圆锥动力触探试验； （4）标准贯入试验； （5）十字板剪切试验； （6）旁压试验； （7）现场剪切试验； （8）波速试验；

（9）基桩的静力测试和动力测试； （10）锚杆抗拔试验； 2．工程应用： （1）岩土工程勘察；

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