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专升本语法结构部分
（一）动词时态
注意：时态语态常连考，被动考的相对多！ 常考点：各种完成时（by + 时间状语最常考） 做题关键：看相关时间状语与固定句型
现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask / asksaskedshall / will askshould / would ask进行am / is / are askingwas / were askingshall / will be askingshould / would be asking完成have / has askedhad askedshall / will have askedshould / would have asked完成进行have / has been askinghad been askingshall / will havebeen askingshould / would havebeen asking 1.一般现在时
(1) 表示现在经常性或习惯性的动作、客观存在及普遍真理等。 例：She visits her parents every day. Summer follows spring. (2) 表示一种严格按照计划进行的动作。如：上课、飞机起飞、火车离站等。 例：Don’t hurry. The meeting starts at a quarter past eight.
2. 一般过去时
表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，或表示在过去一段时间内的经常性或习惯性动作。常与yesterday, last week, two days ago, in 1983, just now, when等表示具体的过去时间的状语连用。
例：It was in the year 1972 that the New York Stock Exchange was founded. （2005专英24） We often played together when we were children. Half of his goods were stolen the other day. （201327）
3. 一般将来时
(1) 表示在现在看来即将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常接时间状语tomorrow, soon或短语next year / week / month, in a few days, in the future, sometime。
(2) be to + 动词原形。表示一种常规性的活动或注定要做的事情。或计划中约定的、按要求必须要做的事。
例：Who is to clean the classroom today?
The bridge is to be completed by the end of this year. (3) be about to + 动词原形。表示就要做或正好要做的事情。
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例：Be quiet. The concert is about to start.
(4) 在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时。口诀：主将 / 祈从现。
例：Please tell her to come to my office as soon as she comes back. We’ll begin our meeting whether he comes or not.
(5) make sure, make certain, check, see (to it) ：（确保、务必） + that从句,从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
例：See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.
4. 现在完成时
(1) 表示到现在为止已发生或完成的动作，其结果的影响现在依然存在。或者表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 (2) 与现在完成时连用的短语和句型：
短语：already, yet, just, ever, before；this month / week / year；now / recently / lately / these days； in / for / during the past years; twice, three times,（ever）since + 时间点, for + 时间段，so far, by now, up to now, till now。
句型：It / This / That is \\[will be\\] the first time that + 主语 + has / have + 过去分词 (??第一次??)；
This / That / It is +the + 形容词最高级 + 名词 + that + 主语 + has / have + 过去分词?
例：It has been exactly 30 years since I graduated from college. （20019） I have been to the West Lake three times since 1970. （200729）
A new analysis indicates that the output of cotton has gone up by 20% by now. （20051）
It is the first time that I have visited your beautiful city. That’s the most interesting book I’ve ever read.
注：非延续性动词 leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow 等的完成时，在肯定句中不能与 for 或 since 等引导的时间段连用，在否定式中则可。 例：I haven’t met him for two years.
5. 过去完成时
(1) 表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作(“过去的过去”)，或从过去某
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一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态。
例：He bought a new mobile phone last Sunday, because his old one had been stolen. （200650）
John and I have been friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we had seen each other a couple of times before that. （20081） (2) 表示未曾实现的希望或打算，用于 hope, want, expect, think, suppose, plan, mean, intend 等。
例：I had meant to come, but something happened. (3) 特殊句型：
This / It was the first time he had ever been late. It was three years since we had left the city. We had no sooner set out than a thunderstorm broke. He had hardly arrived when it began to snow. (4) 参照时间：
①介词短语：by 1996, by the end of last year, until then, by then, up to that time 例：Until then, his family hadn’t heard from him for six months. ②用before + 动词过去时的时间状语从句
例：Before the first nonstop flight was made in 1949, it had been necessary for all planes to land for refueling.
6. 将来完成时
表示到将来某个时间为止势必会完成或预计要完成的动作。
例：We will have finished building the bridge by the end of next month. （20133） By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. （200641）
7. 现在完成进行时
表示某动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去。
(1) 多用持续性动词，如live, learn, lie, stay, sit, wait, stand, study, rain, rest (2) 与all the time, this week/month, all night, all the morning, recently, 或since, for引导的短语或从句连用。
例：She has been learning English since she was a child. （20033） He has been doing this work for three years.
注：现在、过去、将来完成时区别：分别以现在、过去、将来时间为参照点，比较：
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(1) He has finished writing his novel by now.
(2) He had finished writing his novel by the end of last year. (3) He will have finished writing his novel by the end of next year.
8. 现在进行时
(1) 表示说话人在说话时刻正在进行的动作，或目前这个阶段(不一定是说话时刻)正在进行的动作。
例：We’re having a meeting.
We’re learning New Concept English this month.
(2) be +现在分词。表示即将发生的动作或存在的状态。此句型中动词主要是瞬间动词：come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等。 例：I’m leaving tomorrow.
(3) 现在进行时与always，continually，constantly连用表示经常发生的动作，带有某种感情色彩，如“责备”、“赞许”。
例：How can I ever concentrate if you are continually interrupting me with silly questions？
9. 将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作，或按计划在将来将要进行的动作。常与this time tomorrow, at 10 o’clock, next Monday连用。
例：Don’t phone me between 5 and 6. We’ll be having dinner then.
10. 过去进行时
(1) 表示在过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在发生的动作。常与then, at that moment, at that time, at that/this time yesterday连用。
例：Tom got very angry when he realized he was being made fun of. （200418） (2) 表示某个短暂性动作发生的背景。
例：The students were writing busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office.（2010专英40）
(3) 与always, continually, constantly, perpetually, usually, for ever等词连用表“厌恶”或“赞许”等情感。
例：She was always ringing me up when I was in London.
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11. 过去将来时
表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作。常与 a week later, the next month, the following day, after two weeks等连用。
例：He smiled and assured her that he would say whatever she wanted him to say.
12. 过去将来进行时
表示就过去某一时间而言，将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。主要用于宾语从句中。
例：I never dreamed I would be sitting here and discussing state affairs with the other deputies.（2013专英9）
13. 过去完成进行时
表示过去某时以前一直在进行的动作或存在的状态。
例：At last they got the telegram they had been expecting.
（二）虚拟语气 常考点： 1. 常规句式
时间If条件句谓语形式主句谓语形式现在动词过去式(be 用 were)would / should / might / could + 动词原形过去had +动词过去分词(常考)would / should / might / could + have + 动词过去分词将来were to +动词原形（常考），should +动词原形，动词过去式would / should / might / could + 动词原形 (1) 与现在事实相反
例：Were he my son, I would suggest him practicing medicine after graduation.（2005专英7）
What do you suppose would happen if the director knew you felt that way.（2008专英11） (2) 与过去事实相反
例：You didn’t take his advice. Had you taken his advice, you wouldn’t have made such a mistake. （201326）
If he had been in better health, he could have written more books.（200713） Had he been here, everything would have been all right.（200930） (3) 与将来事实相反
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