UNIT 2
文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。
Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming,our “software of the mind. ” 但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。
But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. 文化就像电脑使用的 DOS 或者Unix 或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。
Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows:it is what enables us to process information in various specific application.
用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。
The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture:文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。
culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed.
一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 It varies from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society.
文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。
Culture is like the water fish swim in---a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined.
文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。
It is in the air we breathe and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life.
文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。
Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals.
社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。
Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean.
UNIT 4
我们说语言总是模糊的，指的是我们所说所写的东西总不能完全表达我们的意图。 When we say that language is always ambiguous, what we mean is that we can never fully control the meanings of the things we say and write.
我们通过说话和写作所传达的意思不仅仅由词语和句子本身决定，听众和读者的理解也起到了一定的作用。
The meanings we exchange by speaking and by writing are not given in the words and sentences alone but are also constructed partly out of what our listeners and our readers interpret them to mean.
换言之，是交际双方共同创造了语言所表达的意思。
To put this quite another way, meaning in language is jointly constructed by the participants in communication.
语言的模糊性是与生俱来的。 Language is inherently ambiguous.
为了沟通，我们必须自己推断出对方的意思，除此之外别无他法。
It means that in order to communicate we must always jump to conclusions about what other people mean. There is no way around this. 在理解别人说话时，我们必须推测这些话的意思。这些推测主要基于以下两个来源：
When someone says something, we must jump to some conclusion about what he or she means. We draw inferences based on two main sources: （1）他们所使用的语言；（2）我们的世界知识。这种知识包括能够预知在某种特定语境下人们通常会说些什么。
(1) the language they have used, and (2) our knowledge about the world. The knowledge includes expectations about what people would normally say in such circumstances.
UNIT 5
由于在性别、年龄、种族或文化群体、教育、国家或城市的地域、收入或职业群体、个人经历等各方面的差异，人们分属不同的语言群体，这些差异使我们很难完全领会另一个群体成员所表达的意思。
Where any two people differ in group membership because they are of different genders, different age, different ethnic and different cultural groups, different educations, different parts of the same country or even city, different income or occupational groups, or with very different personal histories, each will find it mire difficult to draw inferences about what the other person means.
在当今世界的跨文化交际中，人们之间的差异是相当大的。
In the contemporary world of international and intercultural communication, the differences between people are considerable.
人们每天要与来自世界各地不同文化背景、不同群体的人交往，成功交际的关键在于尽可能地共享对话语意义的推定。
People are in daily contact with members of cultures and other groups from all around the world. Successful communication is based on sharing as much as possible the assumptions we make about what other mean. 当我们与迥然不同的人打交道时，我们往往不知道该怎样推导出他们的语句意义。因此，在交际过程中，就很难依靠共享的知识和背景来有把握地诠释他人表达的意义。
When we are communicating about what they mean, and so it is impossible to depend on shared knowledge and background for confidence in our interpretations.
UNIT 6
非言语交际被认为是不直接依靠语言使用的任何交际方式。
Non-verbal communication might be thought of as any form of communication which is not directly dependent on the use of language.
然而，一般来说，很难知道言语交际方式与非言语交际方式的区分到底在哪儿。 Generally speaking, however, it’s a little difficult to know where to separate verbal and non-verbal forms of communication.
有些非言语交际方式，例如点头，总是伴随着言语，而且是语言使用时言语系统的一部分。
Such non-verbal aspects of communications as nodding the head most often accompany speech and are part and parcel of the verbal system of language use. 另一方面，像舞蹈和音乐等交际形式常常是没有任何言语成分的。
On the other hand such forms of communication as dance and music often have no verbal component at all.
我们在这里想做的只是要引起大家对一个事实的注意，即人类交往的许多方面都依赖于那些不能轻易转换为言语、但却对我们相互理解至关重要的交际形式。 What we want to do here is simply to call attention to the fact that many aspects of human interaction depend upon forms of communication which cannot be easily transcribed into words and yet are crucial to our understanding of each other.
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