六、 定语 （The attributive）
定语是名词修饰语。就其与被修饰的中心词相对位置来说，可分为前置定语（pre-modifiers）和后置定语（Post-modifiers）. 前置定语（pre-modifiers）： Paper tiger. 纸老虎
English brings us in contact with vast areas of the world. 英语使我们接触世界上的广大地区。 He spent much time correcting my grammar. 他花了很多时间改正我的语言。 What size shoes do you want? 你要什么号码的鞋？
They are getting a special bus to take us to the football match. 他们正在寻找一辆专用的公共汽车吧我们送往足球场。 后置定语（Post-modifiers）
His words moved everyone present. 他的话感动了在场的每一个人。（由any, every, no, some构成的复合词带定语时，定语一律后置。）
Has anybody anything more to say? 还有什么人有什么事要说吗？ There is nothing important about it. 这并不是什么重要事。
He suggests a method economical and practical. 他提出了一个既经济又可行的办法。（加强语气的作用）
The third person singular. 单数第三人称。（习惯用法）
He lives in the house opposite to ours. 他住在我们家对面的房子里。（形容词后面跟动词不定式、比较结构、介词短语等，已扩展成形容词短语时，要后置。） There are products ready to he dispatched. 这些是准备发送的产品。
I never read a piece of science fiction so interesting as this one. 我从未读过像这篇如此有趣的科幻小说。
Science today is developing at a tremendous speed. 今天的科学正以惊人的速度发展。（作后置定语的副词常见的有：today, alone, before, out, here, down, above等等）
Can you tell me something about the social system there? 你可以给我讲些有关那里社会制度的情况吗？
And four days afterward he was on the Zenith train. 四天以后，他已经在齐尼斯号火车上了。 The design above is made by Mr. Ding. 上述图样是由丁先生制作的。
He is always the last person to leave office. 他总是最后一个离开办公室的人。 (不定式作后置定语)
The questions to be answered are on page 21. 要回答的问题在21页上。（不定式、数次作后置定语）
七、 同位语 （The appositive）
同位语是表示一件事物的另一种说法，或是举出其具体内容，或一部分内容，对前面的词、短语或句子作进一步的补充说明或者描述。并与其所修饰的成分在语法上处于同等地位。相同的语法作用。
The film Brave Heart. 电影《勇敢的心》
The combination of the elements carbon and oxygen forms the compound carbon dioxide. 碳和氧两种元素化合形成化合物二氧化碳。
We Chinese people look at things differently from you American people.我们中国人和你们美国人对事情的看法不同。
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London, the capital of Great Britain, was the literary centre for the English language. 伦敦，英国的首都，是英语文学中心。
One case concerns an eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls. 有一个报到是关于一个11岁的女生，维拉.彼得洛娃，她拥有普通的实力但是却能用她皮肤的不同部分辨认物体，甚至能穿过厚厚的墙。
八、 状语 （The adverbials）
状语是用来说明谓语动词的动作过程、状态等发生和存在的时间、地点、方式、方法、程度、原因、结果、目的、条件、伴随、让步、比较等。 Birds fly in the sky every day. 鸟每天都在天上飞。（时间状语、地点状语）
Arriving at the top of the hill, we were faced by a most impressive scene. 到达山顶时，一副动人的景象展现在我们面前。（分词短语做时间状语）
I had found the letter in the kitchen by searching carefully. 通过仔细寻找，我在厨房里找到那封信。(地点状语、方式状语)
She’ll come to see you. 她会来看你。（不定式作目的状语） He sat reading. 他坐着读书。（分词做伴随状语）
I like this job with all its disadvantages. 尽管有其不利的情况，我仍然喜欢这工作。（介词短语做让步状语）
Your skill is superior to mine. 你的技术比我高。（介词短语作比较状语）
Generally speaking, they might make some contributions to the struggle. 一般而言，他们会对这场斗争做些贡献。
It rained; therefore the game was called off. 下雨了，因此比赛被取消。 They shouldn’t be going south. 他们不该向南走。
In ancient times there was in China a great scholar called Confucius. 古代中国有个大学问家，名叫孔夫子。
Because of its advantages over some other natural materials, plastics is often preferred by manufacturers. 由于塑料比某些其它天然材料有许多优点，所以很受生产商喜欢。
使用不同的符号划分出下面这些句子的不同成分。
主语用― ‖表示。谓语用― ‖表示。宾语和表语用― ‖表示。 定语用―（ ）‖表示。状语用―[ ]‖表示。补语用―{ }‖表示。 同位语用―/ /‖隔开表示。
遇到相应的从句，均在原有符号下面添加― ‖。主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句不变化。 定语从句用―（ ）‖表示等。
【Example】：I had found the letter [in the kitchen by searching carefully]. The younger generation is essentially different [from the older generation]. 【Exercise】
1. Several cases have been reported in Russia recently of people who can read and
detect colors with their fingers, and even see through solid doors and walls.
2. One case concerns an eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls.
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3. This ability was first noticed by her father.
4. One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe.
5. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there, and even described the way they were done up in bundles.
6. Vera’s curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of Ulyanovsk, near where she lives, and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic.
7. During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child’s game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colors printed on it; and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot the outlines and colors of a picture hidden under a carpet.
8. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity.
9. It was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet.
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第二章：句子分类 （THE CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES）
按使用目的
一、 陈述句 （五种基本句型）
英语常用的最基本句式有五种，这里，S＝主语；V＝谓语；P＝表语；O＝宾语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；C＝宾语补足语 1. Subject (主语) ＋ Verb (谓语)
这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，这些动词常见的有：appear, apologize, arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, rise,等等。 He runs quickly． 他跑的很快。
They listened carefully．他们听的很仔细。
He suffered from cold and hunger．他又冷又饿。
China belongs to the Third World．中国属于第三世界国家。 The students work very hard. 学生们学习很努力。 She apologized to me again. 她再次向我道歉。
The accident happened yesterday evening.事故是昨天晚上发生的。
2. Subject (主语) ＋ Link. V(系动词) ＋ Predicate(表语) 这种句型中的系动词一般可分为下列两类： （1）表示状态的系动词。这些词有：be（am\\is\\are）, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, sit, stand, keep, remain, continue, stay,等等。如： She is a nurse. 她是个护士。
He is older than he looks．他比看起来要老。
He seems interested in the book． 他似乎对这本书有兴趣。 The story sounds interesting． 这个故事听起来很有趣。 The desk feels hard． 桌子很结实。 The cake tastes nice． 蛋糕味道很棒。
The flowers smell sweet and nice．花闻起来很甜美。
We should remain modest and prudent any time.我们在任何时候都应该保持谦虚谨慎。 This kind of food tastes terrible.这种食物吃起来很糟糕。
The picture looks more beautiful at a certain distance.这幅画在一定的距离看更漂亮一些。 (2) 表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove,等等。 You have grown taller than before．他比以前高了许多。
He will become a teacher when he grows up．长大后，他想成为一名教师。 He could never turn traitor to his country．他永远不会背叛他的国家。
Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 Don't have the food. It has gone bad.不要吃那种食物，已经变质了。 The facts prove true.事实证明是正确的。
3. Subject(主语) ＋ Verb (谓语) ＋ Object (宾语)
这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。同时，句子中有时含有与宾
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语有关的状语。作宾语的成分常是：名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。 I saw a film yesterday． 我昨天看了部电影。 Have you read the story? 你读过这个故事吗？
You can put the books in your bag.你可以把书放在书包里。
Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables.我们这里的农民种很多种蔬菜。
She lost the chance to make her appearance on the stage.她失去了在舞台上露面的机会。 I prefer to make web pages.我更喜欢做网页。
4. Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋ Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中作间接宾语的常常指―人‖，直接宾语常常指―物‖。常常称为―双宾语‖ He gave me a book. = He gave a book to me． He brought me a pen. = He brought a pen to me． He offered me his seat. = he offered his seat to me． 注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：
Mother bought me a book. = Mother bought a book for me. He got me a chair. = He got a chair for me．
Please do me a favor. = Please do a favor for me．
He asked me a question. = He asked a question of me．
Yesterday her father bought her a bicycle as a birthday present.昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。
The old man is telling the children stories in the Long March.老人正在给孩子们讲长征中的故事。
其实，要想区分出来Indirect object(间接宾语)和Direct object (直接宾语)非常简单。关键就是看谓语动词。谓语动词后面既然有两个宾语，那么我们就看哪一个宾语和谓语动词的联系更加紧密。直接由动词动作作用的那个就是直接宾语，作用不是很紧密的那个就是间接宾语。 拿上面一个例子来看：Her father bought her a bicycle. 这句话里面，她爸爸给她买了辆自行车，谓语动词是―买‖，后面的两个宾语分别是―她‖和―自行车‖。所以买的直接对象就是―自行车‖，只不过是把自行车买给她而已。The old man is telling the children stories.在这句话中，老人正在给孩子们讲故事，谓语动词是―is telling‖,那么讲的最直接的对象一定是故事，只不过是把故事讲给孩子们听而已。所以―故事‖是直接宾语，―孩子们‖是间接宾语。
5. Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) 这种句型中的宾语 ＋ 补语可统称为―复合宾语‖。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。 They made the girl angry． They found her happy that day． I found him out． I saw him in．
They elected him captain.
He painted the wall white. 他把墙漆成白色。
We found him an honest person.我们发现他是一个诚实的人。
His mother told him not to play on the street.他母亲告诉他不要在街上玩。 注意：有些动词后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。 概括一下就是：五看三使两听一感觉 ．．．．．．．．．
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