§13. 受监护的人 如果一个人由于被判决存在精神疾病或精神缺陷，其财产处 于监管之中，则该人没有创设合同义务的行为能力。
§14. Infants
Unless a statute provides otherwise , a natual person has the capacity to incur only voidable contractual duties until the beginning of the day before the person’s eighteenth birthday. §14. 未成年人
除非法令另有规定，自然人在 18 岁生日之前只具有创设可撤消合同义务的行为 能力。
§15. Mental Illness or Defect
(1) A person incurs only voidable contractual duties by entering into a transaction if by reason of mental illness or defect
(a) he is unable to understand in a reasonable manner the nature and consequences of the transaction, or
(b) he is unable to act in a reasonable manner in relation to the transaction and the other party has reson to know of his condition.
(2) Where the contract is made on fair terms and the other party is without knowledge of the mental illness or defect, the power of a voidance under Subsection (1) terminates to the extent that the contract has been so preformed in whole or in part or the circumstances have so changed that a voidance would be unjust. In such a case a court may grant relief as justice requires.
§15. 有精神病或精神缺陷的人
(1) 在下列情况下，一个存在精神疾病或精神缺陷的人，在从事交易活动时所 创设的合同义务是可以撤消的：
(a) 他不能以正常方式理解此项交易的性质以及会产生的后果，或者
(b) 他不能像正常人那样从事此项交易，并且交易的相对方有合理的理由知道 这一事实。
(2) 如果合同的缔结是基于公平的条款，并且他方当事人不知道该缔约人患有 精神疾病或存在精神缺陷，那么，如果该合同已经被全部或部分地履行或者情
势变更，以至撤消该合同有失公平，则在(1)小节中所规定的撤消权不再适用。 在这种情况下，法院可以依公平正义之需判决给与当事人救济。
§16. Intoxicate Persons
A person incurs only voidable contractual duties by entering into a transaction if the other party has reason to know that by reason of intoxication
(a) he is unable to understand in a reasonable manner the nature and consequences of the transaction, or
(b) he is unable to act in a reasonable manner in relation to the transaction, §16. 醉酒的人 如果缔约他方当事人有合理的理由知道一方当事人由于醉酒存在下列情况，则
该当事人在从事交易活动时所创设的合同义务是可以撤消的。
(a) 他不能以正常方式理解此项交易的性质以及会产生的后果，或者
(b) 他不能像正常人那样从事此项交易。
Chapter 3
FORMATION OF CONTRACTS---MUTUAL ASSENT 第三章 合同的订立——意思表示一致
TOPIC 1. IN GENRERAL 主题一 一般规定
§17. Requirement of a Bargain
(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2), the formation of a contract requires a bargain in which there is a manifestation of mutual assent to the exchange an d a consideration.
(2) Whether or not there is a bargain a contract may be formed under special rules applicable to formal contracts or under the rules stated in §§82-94. §17. 交易磋商的条件
(1) 除(2)小节的规定外，合同的订立要求当事人就允诺与允诺、允诺与义务履行、
以及义务履行之间的交换和约因意思表示一致。
(2) 合同可以依据适用于正式合同中的特殊规则或依据§§82-94 中的规则订立， 不管有没有交易磋商。
TOPIC 2, MANIFESTATION OF ASSENT IN GERNERAL §18. Manifestation of Mutual Assent
Manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange requires that each party make a promise or begin or render a performance. 主题二 意思表示的一般条款
§18. 意思表示一致 对一个交换作出一致的意思表示要求各方当事人作出允诺或开始或实施一项义 务履行。
§19. Conduct as Manifestation of Assent
(1) The manifestation of assent may be made wholly or partly by written or spoken words or by other acts or by failure to act.
(2) The conduct of a party is not effective as a manifestation of his assent unless he intends to engage in the conduct and knows or has reason to know that the other party may infer from his conduct that he assents.
(3) The conduct of a party may manifest assent even though he does not in fact assent. In such cases a resulting contract may be voidable because of fraud, mistake, or other invalidation cause. §19. 依意思表示实施的行为
(1) 意思表示可以完全或部分地通过书面或口头、或其他作为或不作为作出。
(2) 一方当事人以行为作出的意思表示是无效的，除非他有意实施这一行为， 并且知道或有理由知道他方当事人可以从他的行为中推断出他有此缔约意思。 (3) 一方当事人的行为可以作为意思表示，虽然事实上他并没有此缔约意思。在 这种情况下所缔结的合同可以基于欺诈、错误或其他无效的理由被撤消。 §20. EFFECT OF MISUNDERSTANDING
(1) There is no manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange if the parties attach materially different meanings to their manifestations and
(a) neither party knows or has reason to know the meaning attached by the other; or
(b) each party knows or each party has reason to know the meaning attached by the other.
(2) The manifestations of the parties are operative in accordance with the meaning attached to them by one of the parties if
(a) that party does not know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other knows the meaning attached by the first party; or
(b) that party has no reason to know of any different meaning attached by the other, and the other has reason to know the meaning attached by the first party.
§20. 误解的效力
(1) 如果当事人就他们的意思表示赋予了实质上不同的理解，并且有如下情况 存在时，则表明他们就磋商的交换没有达成一致：
(a) 双方当事人任一方都不知道或没有理由知道对方的意思表示所赋予的含义； 或
(b) 任一当事方知道或有理由知道对方的意思表示所赋予的含义。
(2)一方当事人可以依据该意思表示所指的含义执行该意思表示，如果
(a) 该当事人不知道另一方当事人所指的不同含义，而另一方当事人知道第一方 当事人所指的含义。 (b) 该当事人没有理由知道另一方当事人所指的不同含义， 而另一方当事人有理由知道第一方当事人所指的含义。 §21. INTENTION TO BE LEGALLY BOUND
Neither real nor apparent intention that a promise be legally binding is essential to the formation of a contract, but a manifestation of intention that a promise shall not affect legal relations may prevent the formation of a contract.
§21. 具有法律拘束力的意图
当事人有关允诺具有法律拘束力的意图无论是真实的还是表面的，对于合同的 缔结并不重要，但是如果当事人作出允诺并不影响当事人法律关系的意思表示， 则当事人之间的合同并不成立。
§22. Mode of Assent: Offer and Acceptance
(1) The manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange ordinarily takes the form of an offer or proposal by one party followed by an acceptance by the other party or parties.
(2) A manifestation of mutual assent may be made even though neither offer nor acceptance can be identified and even though the moment of formation cannot be determined. §22. 合意的模式： 要约与承诺
(1) 双方当事人就交换达成合意的意思表示通常是由一方当事人提出要约或提 议，然后由另一方当事人或另一方多数当事人作出承诺。
(2) 即使要约和承诺都无法被识别，并且合同成立的时间也无法确定，双方当 事人也可以作出合意的意思表示。
§23. Necessity That Manifestation Have Reference to Each Other
It is essential to a bargain that each party manifest assent with reference to the manifestation of the other. §23. 作出意思表示应相互参考的必要性
任何当事人作出意思表示都应参考对方的意思表示，这一点对交易磋商很重要。
TOPIC 3. MAKING OF OFFERS 主题三 要约的发出
§24. Offer Defined
An offer is the manifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain, so made a s to justify another person in understanding that his assent to that bargain is i nvited and will conclude it.
§24. 要约的定义 要约就是以交易磋商为目的而为意思表示，使得他人合理地认为该意思表示被
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