④引导同位语从句。
引导同位语从句的that和引导定语从句的that是不同的。前者只起语法作用，在从句中不作任何成分；而后者在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。举例说明：
the news that he resigned from office surprised us.
the idea that he holds is very common nowadays on campus.
2. that引导状语从句
①引导目的状语从句。
bring it nearer that i may see it better.
②引导结果状语从句。
what have i done that he should be so angry with me?
③引导原因状语从句。
i am afraid that i will fail in the driving test.
④引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然、尽管”。
difficult that/as the task was, they managed to accomplish it on time.
⑤引导条件状语从句。意为“假使、假设”。
supposing that you were in my position, what would you do?
on condition that you were lost in the desert, you should ask for help as soon as possible.
3. 引导强调句。
it is mrs. white that makes the decision in her family, not her meek little husband.
it is an ill wind that blows nobody good.
第四、that用作副词。
1. that用作普通副词。
i was that/so angry i could have hit him.
2. that用作关系副词。引导定语从句，可以代替when，where， why或 in which，常可省略。
i will never forget the evening (that) / when we went to the theatre.
the house (that)/where i used to live has been knocked down.
第五，与that 有关的常见重要短语。
1. in that，意为“既然、因为”。
criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us correct our mistakes.
2. now that，意为“既然、由于”。
now that they have taken matters into their hands, the pace of events has quickened.
3. see (to it) that，意为“注意、务必做到、保证”。
we will see to it that she gets home early.
see to it that you are not late again.
4. seeing that，意为“鉴于、由于”。
seeing that it is 8 o'clock, we'll wait no longer.
seeing that he was busy with his work, i didn't disturb him.
一)as作副词，表示程度，意为“同样地”。在“as...as...”，“not as...as...”结构中的第一个as是副词，作“和/与...(不)一样”解。eg：
Jack is as tall as his father.杰克和他的父亲一样高。
He doesn't speak English as/so fluently as you.他的英语说得不如你流利。
二)as作介词。
1.作“如，像”解。eg：
They got united as one man.他们团结得像一个人一样。
2.作“充当，作为”解。eg：
As a writer，he was famous.作为作家，他是很有名的。
三)as作连词，常用来连接主句和状语从句。
1.引导时间状语从句，作“当...的时候”解，有“随着...”之意，与while意义相近，强调两个动作同时发生;或某事一发生，另一事立即发生。eg：
He shouted aloud as her ran along.他一边往前跑，一边高声地呼喊。
I was startled as he opened the door.他一开门，我吓了一跳。
as作连词，相当于when。eg;
As a little boy (When he was a little boy)he began to learn to play piano.他小时候就开始学弹钢琴。
2.引导原因状语从句，作“因为，由于”解，与because的用法相近。eg;
I must stop writing now，as I have rather a lot of work to do.我必须停笔了，因为我还有许多工作要做。
3.引导方式状语从句或比较状语从句，作“正如，(如)像”解。例eg：
As in your country，we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south.正如(像)你们国家一样，我们在北方种小麦，在南方种大米。(方式状语从句)
When at Rome，do as Romans do.入乡随俗。(方式状语从句)
4.引导让步状语从句，作“虽然，尽管”解。这时从句常用倒装语序，即把从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在as之前。eg;
Strange as it may seem，it is true.尽管这事看上去很奇怪，但却是真的。
Try as he might，Tom could not get out of the difficulties.不管怎样努力，汤姆还是摆脱不了困境。
四)as作关系代词。
1.引导限制性定语从句，用在“such...as”,“the same...as”，“as...as”等结构中，常译作“像...一样的人(或物)”，“凡是...的人(或物)”。例eg：
He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was.他曾希望做一个像雷锋那样的人。
My hometown is no longer the same as it was.我的家乡再也不像过去一样了。
2.引导非限制性定语从句，用来指代它前面的整个句子(即先行句)，意思是“这一点”。这个分句可以位于句首、句中或句末。eg：
As is well known，oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.我们知道，海洋占地球面积的百分之七十以上。
that还常用以代替who, whom, which,但that...which中的that用做关系代词的先行词。
that可以用作连词
that用作连词时可引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和状语从句。
that还常引导间接引语或形容词后面的.从句。
that在以it作形式主语的句子中或引导宾语从句、状语从句时常可省略。
从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“would／could／might＋动词原形”。
例句：
You look as if you didn’t care.
你看上去好像并不在乎。
He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.
他说起罗马来好像他以前去过罗马似的。
He opened his mouth as if he would say something.
他张开嘴好像要说什么。
1、with 结构修饰名词，with 作后置定语，不紧跟前面名词的情况。
例，Bihar is India's poorest state, with an annual per capita income of $111, lower than that of the mostimpoverished countries of the world.
with 结构 修饰 Bihar
2、with 结构修饰名词，紧跟名词的情况。
例，Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be pided into
five groups, each with its own executive.with 结构修饰 each (group)
例句：
He goes to clubs to pick up girls.
他到夜总会去泡妞。
She bent down to pick up her glove.
她俯身去捡手套。
Can I just pick up that guy's point?
我能接着谈一下那个人的观点吗？
例句：
Things are not moving as fast as we hoped.
事情的进展不像我们希望的那么快。
Some doubters fear this news may not be as good as it appears.
一些持怀疑态度的人担心这条新闻可能并非像其表面上那样美好。
He's not very friendly, but he's not as black as he's painted.
他不太友善，但也不像别人说的那么坏。
rather than
rather than 是一个并列连词，用法比较复杂，在四六级考试中经常出现，现归纳如下：
1. rather than 与would 连用时，构成“would rather...than...”句式，意思是“宁愿……而不愿……”，表示主观愿望，即在两者之中选择其一。例如：
She'd rather die than lose the children. 她宁愿死也不愿失去孩子们。
2. rather than 不与would连用时，表示客观事实，意为“是……而不是……;与其……不如……”。它连接的并列成分可以是名词、代词、形容词、介词(短语)、动名词、分句、不定式、动词等。现分述如下：
(1) 连接两个名词或代词
He is an explorer rather than a sailor. 与其说他是一个海员，不如说他是一个探险者。
You rather than I are going to go camping. 是你而不是我要去要野营。
注意：rather than 连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与rather than 前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。
(2) 连接两个形容词
The sweater she bought was beautiful rather than cheap. 与其说她买的这件羊毛衫便宜不如说它漂亮。
(3) 连接两个介词(短语)或动名词
We will have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the great hall. 我们是在教室里开会，不是在大厅里。
She enjoys singing rather than dancing. 她喜欢唱歌，而不喜欢跳舞。
(4) 连接两个分句
We should help him rather than he should help us. 是我们应该帮助他而不是他应该帮助我们。
(5) 连接两个不定式
I decided to write rather than (to) telephone. 我决定写信而不打电话。
注意：rather than 后接不定式时，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to, 如上句。但rather than位于句首时，则只能接不带to 的不定式。如：Rather than allow the vegetables to go bad, he sold them at half price. 他唯恐蔬菜烂掉，把它们以半价卖掉了。
(6) 连接两个动词
He ran rather than walked. 他是跑来的，而不是走来的。
注意：这里rather than 后用了walked，而没有用walk，表示客观事实，而不是主观愿望。如果换成walk，则作“宁愿……而不愿 ……”解。
would rather
一、would rather意思是“宁愿、宁可、更、最好、还是为好”，后接动词原形,常省略为’d rather，表示优先选择的一种方式 ,其否定形式是would rather not do sth。would rather没有人称和数的变化，所有的人称一律用would rather。
“would rather+动词原形”是英语中常见的一个惯用句式，美国英语中多用had rather。would (had)在此决无“过去”之意，它是一个情态助动词，且无词性、时态变化。
例:
Mr Li would rather not listen to rock music. 李先生不愿意听摇滚音乐。
If you’d rather be alone, we’ll all leave here. 如果你宁愿独自呆着，那我们都离开这儿。
He’d rather work in the countryside. 她宁可到农村去工作。
You would rather stay at home and do some reading this evening. 今晚你最好呆在家中读点书。
二、如果在两者中进行取舍，表示“宁愿……而不愿……，与其……宁可……”的意思时，则可用would rather…than…或would…rather than…的句型
例:
I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema. 我宁可在家看电视而不愿去看电影。
The children would walk there rather than take a bus. 孩子们宁愿步行去那里而不愿乘公共汽车。
请注意 1) would rather…than…/would…rather than…也可以颠倒为：rather than…would…。Would(rather)和than后都接不带to的动词不定式，若选用的动词相同，那么than 后的动词可以省略。
例:
I would rather have noodles than rice. 我宁愿吃面条也不吃米饭。
He would rather drink wine than beer. 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。
Rather than work in such bad condition, he would give up. 与其在这样差的条件下工作，他宁愿放弃。
使用would rather…than…句型时要注意“平行结构”，即在than 的前后要用两个同类的词或词组，如两个名词、两个不定式、两个介词短语等。
例 I would rather go to work by bike than by bus. 我宁愿骑自行车也不愿乘公共汽车去上班。
I would rather talk with his mother than with his father. 我宁愿和他妈说话而不愿和他爸说话。
三、在疑问句式中，would rather 与would rather…than…中的would要放在主语之前
例:
Would you rather stay here or go home? 你愿意呆在这里，还是回家?
Which would you rather have, apples or bananas? 你喜欢吃苹果还是香蕉?
Would you rather read a novel than read a poem?你宁愿看小说而不愿朗读诗歌吗?
四、would rather+从句，是一个常用的虚拟语气句型 Would rather+从句,谓语一般用过去时来表示现在或将来。其意为“宁愿……,还是…… 好些”“一个人宁愿另一个人做某事”。引导从句的that常省略。在谈到过去的动作时，谓语则用过去完成时。
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