【直击高考】2013高考英语 语法重难点系列 专题06 动词时态的考点
首先 我把各种时态的基本用法梳理出来，然后在常考的时态后面有归纳的考点。 一、一般现在时
表示现在习惯或者经常反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常与always, often, usually, seldom, sometimes, frequently, every day/week/year…, on Sunday(s),…等时间状语连用。谓语直接用动词，但如果主语是第三人称单数的时候要进行变化。 变化规则如下：
1.一般直接在后面加s helps cleans walks
2.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y 为 i+es studies hurries carries 3.以o, s, sh, ch,结尾的加 es does finishes watches
肯定句：主语+动词(s)+(宾语)+…
We play football every afternoon. 我们每天下午踢足球。
Jack watches TV on Saturday evening. 杰克星期六晚上看电视。
否定句：主语+don’t/doesn’t+动词原形+( 宾语) + …
Tom doesn’t clean his room in the morning. 汤姆早晨不打扫房间。
They don’t go to the library on Monday. 他们星期一不去阅览室。
一般疑问句：Do/Does+主语+动词原形+…?
肯定回答:Yes,主语+do/does. 否定回答：No,主语+don’t/doesn’t. —Does she live in Wuhan? —Yes, she does/No, she doesn’t. —她住在武汉吗？—是的，她住在武汉/不，她没有住在武汉。
—Do you read English every morning ? —Yes, I do/No, I don’t. —你每天早晨读英语吗？—是的，我读英语/不，我不读英语。
特殊疑问句：疑问词+do/does+主语+动词原形+…?
When does he go to school every day? 他每天睡眠时候上学？
How do they help their friends? 他们怎样帮他们的朋友？
频度副词always/often/usually 等,位置在行为动词之前、be动词和助动词之后。
1. He often comes late. He is often late. 他常迟到。
2. We usually go back in the evening. We are usually back in the evening. 我们总是晚上回来。
3. Their homework is always done on Sunday.
他们的家庭作业总是星期天做。
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表示客观真理性的/谚语/格言/警句类都要用一般现在时。
1. Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。 2. Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
3. He laughs best who laughs last. 谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。 4. All is not gold that glitters. 闪光的东西不一定都是金子。
二、一般过去时
表示过去发生的动作或者存在的状态。常与表过去的时间状语连用：yesterday, two years ago, last week, in 1990, the other day, the day before yesterday…在肯定句中谓语动词直接用动词的过去式表示。 过去式的变化规则：
1.直接+ed jumped washed looked 2. 以e结尾的+d lived completed
3.辅音字母+y结尾的改y为i+ed studied hurried carried 4.以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的双写其辅音字母再+ed stopped skipped occurred
5.不规则变化 teach-taught keep-kept lead-led wake-woke ...
肯定句：主语+过去式+（宾语）+ …
They bought the house last year. 他们去年买的这房子。
She wrote a letter yesterday. 她昨天写了一封信。
否定句：主语+didn’t+动词原形+…
Tom didn’t watch TV yesterday evening. 汤姆昨天晚上没有看电视。
I didn’t clean my bedroom this morning. 今天早晨我没有打扫房间。
一般疑问句：Did +主语+动词原形+…?
肯定回答：Yes,主语+did 否定回答： No,主语+didn’t —Did you make a paper flower a few days ago? —Yes, I did./—No, I didn’t. —你几天前做了一朵纸花吗？
—是的，我做了。/不，我没有做。
特殊疑问句：疑问词+did+主语+动词原形+…?
What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了什么？
When did they visit that country? 他们什么时候去访问的那个国家？
常考点：一定要注意没有明显过去时间的语境题：
1. Please say it again. I didn’t catch/understand/follow you.
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请再说一遍。我没有听懂你的话。
2. You are here! I didn’t know. 你在这里！我还不知道呢。
3. It’s you ! I didn’t recognize you. 是你呀！我还没有认出你呢。 解析：同学们同样可以设想一下：“我”在说“没有认出你”这句话的时候其实已经知道了“你”是谁，所以指的是说话瞬间前的动作，就要用一般过去时。
4. —Where are you from? —I’m from Beijing.
—I thought you were from Shanghai. —你是哪里人？ —北京人。
—我原以为你是上海人。
三、现在进行时：由is/am/are+ doing构成 1.表示目前（说话的瞬间）正在进行的动作。
2.表示当前一段时间内的活动或者现阶段正在进行的动作（说话时动作不一定正在进行） doing的变化规则：
1.直接+ing helping walking studying
2.以e结尾的去掉e+ing leave_ leaving living biting 3.以重读闭音节结尾末尾只有一个辅音字母的先双写其辅音字母再+ing put _ putting stop _stopping begin_beginning
肯定句：主语+is/am/are+doing+…
We are studying English now. 我们现在在学英语。
Look! They are playing football. 看！他们在踢足球。
否定句：主语+is/am/are+not+doing+…
I am not watching TV now. 我刚才没有看电视。 It isn’t raining now.
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现在没下雨。
一般疑问句：Is/Am/Are+主语+doing+…?
肯定回答：Yes,主语+be 否定回答：No,主语+be+not.
——Are you reading newspapers? ——Yes, we are./No, we aren’t. ——你在看报纸吗？
——是的，我在看。/不，我没有。
特殊疑问句：疑问词+be+主语+doing+…?
What are you doing ? 你在干什么？
Where is he going? 他去哪里？
How are you getting on (with your study)? 你（的学习）怎样？
常考点：
a. always, constantly, continually等副词用于进行时态给句子带上感 情色彩。 比较下面句子不同的含义： 1. He always comes late. （他总是迟到）。此句只给别人传递一个信息：他总是迟到这个事实。 He is always coming late. (表示不耐烦） （他总是迟到）。此句就表明说话者的一种情绪了，不高兴不耐烦。 2. They always work hard. （他们学习总是用功）。此句仍然只是给别人传递一个信息。别人听后知道他学习的状况。 They are always working hard. （表示赞赏） （他们学习总是用功）。从此句我们就可以想象说话者的高兴、赞赏、开心的那种那觉。
从平时的教学来看：这种语法常出现在（湖北卷的）完成句子中考时态、在听力和阅读中就让学生猜说话者和作者的心情状况。
b.表性质、品质的形容词作表语，be动词用于进行时态，表示一时的表现。 1.Tom is being a little polite. （汤姆还有点懂礼貌）。此句的内涵是：汤姆平时是一个不怎么有礼貌的人，此时表现得有礼貌。 2.Why are you being foolish? （你为什么一时糊涂了？）。此句传达的信息是：你一直都还聪明的，怎么一时傻了呢？ 3.You are being quick-minded. （你这时反应还快）。此句要表达的意思是：你一直反应都较慢，这次还快。
4.The sales girl was being kind to me, but when I failed to buy a piece of clothing ,her attitude changed quickly.
(那个营业员对我一时还友好的，但当我没有买衣服的时候，她的态度很快就变了。） 从这个例句我们能进一步体会到be动词进行时态的用法。
四、过去进行时：由was/were +doing构成
(否定句在was/were后面加not,疑问句将was/were提前）
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1.表示过去某一特定时间正在进行的动作。(this time yesterday, 昨天这个时候 at eight yesterday evening 昨天晚上八点,…)
1) I was studying English this time yesterday. 昨天这个时候我在学英语。
2) Were you watching TV at nine yesterday evening? 昨天晚上九点你在看电视吗？
3) They were not playing basketball that time last week. 上个星期那个时候他们没有打篮球。
4) What were you doing at 3.pm yesterday? 昨天下午三点你在干什么？
2.表示过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。（此时主要是和一般过去时区别分析，因为时间状语是一样的） 1）What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了些什么？ 2) What were you doing yesterday? 你昨天在做什么？ 3) I wrote a letter last week. 我上个星期写了一封信。 4) I was writing a letter last week. 我上个星期在写一封信
5) He ___ a book last year, but I don’t know whether he has finished it. A. wrote B. was writing C. writes D. will write
解析：答案是B这道题学生容易选A,因为看见有个时间状语last year，就会以为是一般过去时态，但由于后面还有一句是“我不知道他是否已经写完了”就得知应该是他去年一直都在写一本书。
3.表过去某一动作发生的时候另一动作正在进行。（过去某一动作用一般过去时，另一动作用过去进行时）(when)
1) When the teacher came in ,we were watching TV. 老师进来的时候我们正在看电视。
2) What were you doing when your mother left yesterday? 昨天你妈妈离开的时候你在干什么？
常考点：要注意语境题：
1.—Did you notice him come in just now?
—Sorry, I didn’t. I was looking out of the window. —刚才你注意到他进来了吗？
—对不起，我没有注意到。我在看窗户外面。
3. —He gave you a book a few minutes ago. —I didn’t know. I was reading a magazine. —他几分钟前给了你一本书。 —我不知道呢。我在看杂志。 解析：根据上下文表达的是：（当他给我书的时候）我在看杂志。
4. —They have left.
—Have they? Sorry, I was playing football. —他们已经离开了。
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—离开了？对不起，我在踢足球。 解析：（当他们离开的时候我不知道）我在踢足球。
固定的句型：was/were doing...when... 正在做……突然…… 1. 我正在街上行走，突然遇到了我的一个老同学。
I was walking in the street when I met with an old friend ofmine. 2. 昨天晚上他们正在看电视，突然灯熄灭了。
Yesterday evening they were watching TV when lights went out.
3. Li Ming was playing games when there was something wrong with his mouse.
李明正在玩游戏突然他的鼠标出了毛病。
五、一般将来时
表示将要发生的动作或者存在的状态，常与表将来的时间状语连用。tomorrow, soon, next year, the day after tomorrow, from now on … 1. will +do
(否定句在will后面加not, will not=won’t,疑问句将will提前。) 1） 他下星期要买辆自行车。
He will buy a bike next week. 2)我们明天不扫教室。
We won’t clean our classroom tomorrow. 3)—他们明年会修房子吗？ --会的./不会 .
—Will they build a house next year? —Yes, they will./No, they won’t. 5) 你什么时候给他写信？
When will you write to him ?
2.be going to do (be→is/am/are)（准备、打算做某事） 否定句在be后面加not,疑问句将be 提前。 1） 我打算明天写200个单词。
I am going to write 200 words tomorrow. 2)他们不打算下星期开会。
They aren’t going to have a meeting next week. 3)—你打算今天晚上看电视吗？ --是/不。
—Are you going to watch TV this evening? —Yes, I am./No, I am not. 4)小芳打算什么时候结婚？
When is Xiao Fang going to get married?
will do 与be going to do 的区别：
1)be going to do是事先考虑/打算做某事,而will do表示事先未考虑的意图。 —I’m sorry .I have forgotten to post your letter.
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—It doesn’t matter. I will post it myself. —对不起，我忘了给你寄信。 —没关系，我将自己去寄。
2)有某种客观迹象预示即将会 ……用be going to
Look at the cloud ! It is going to rain heavily. 看那云！要下大雨啦！
解析：乌云是下雨前的征兆。
3)按自然规律必然会……用will
We will die when we are old./Man will die. 我们老了就会死。
4)be going to do可用于条件句中表将来。
If you are going to catch the early bus, you’d better go now.
was/were going to do:原本打算做某事而没有做且后来也不会做。 1)—Did you watch the TV play yesterday evening? —I was going to, but I had to finish my homework. —你昨天晚上看了那部电视剧吗?
—我原本打算要看的但我要完成家庭作业。
2) —Can you tell me why you carried so much money last week? —I was going to buy a TV set, but my cousin sent one to me. —你能告诉我你上个星期为什么带那么多钱吗？
—我原本打算买台电视机的，但我表妹给我送了一台。
3)—Why you took the second arrow? —I was going to use it on you. —你为什么拿出第二枚箭？ —我原本打算用它射你的。
3.表示位置移动的动词（或者说表来、去、始、末的动词）经常用进行时态代替将来时。
come, go leave, fly, take off, stay, move, arrive, start, meet, see off/send off…
1) 我星期天将动身去武汉。
I am leaving for Wuhan on Sunday. 2) 她下星期要搬到一所新学校去。
She is moving to a new school next week. 3) 我要去机场接我朋友。
I am meeting my friend at the airport. 4) 你要在那里呆多久？
How long are you staying there?
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4. be to do
1)表示（按计划、安排）打算、将要做 …… A new hospital is to be built here. 计划在这里修一家医院。
You are to visit the Great Wall first. 你们先参观万里长城。
2) 相当于情态动词should, must, have to, can/may (可能） You are to finish your homework before you go home. 有应该/必须回家前做做完家庭作业。
This kind of flower is to be found in the forest over there. 这种花在那边的森林中可能找得到。
3)（用于条件句）想；想要做 ……
If you are to find a good job, you’d better try to do it well.
常考点：was /were to have done=should have done 本应该做某事（但实际上没有做）
You were to have studied hard last term, otherwise your English wouldn’t be so bad now. 上个学期你本来应该努力学习的，要不然你的英语现在就不会这样差。
5. be about to do
表示即刻就做，正要做，不和表将来的时间状语连用。 We are to play volleyball this afternoon. 我们计划今天下午打排球。
We are about to play volleyball. 我们即刻去打排球。
常考点：常用于下列句型：
was/ were about to do…when…=was/ were on the point of doing…when 正要做……突然……
1) 我正要出去突然电话响了。
I was about to go out when the telephone rang.=
I was on the point of going out when the telephone rang. 2) 他正要玩游戏突然他妈妈进来了。
He was about to play games when his mother came in.=
I was on the point of playing games when his mother came in.
6.按照时间表、时刻表、计划表将要发生的动作常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 1）我去武汉的飞机下午三点起飞。
My plane to Wuhan takes off at 3p.m. 2)第四节课要11:15才上。
The fourth class begins at 11:15. 3)我们将在第二十周进行期末考试。
We have the final-examination in the twentieth week.
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7.be due to do (按时间表、旅行安排）预定、预期、预计做…… 1)The visitors are due to arrive here this afternoon. 游客们预计今天下午到达这里。
2） Mr. Li is duo to give us a lecture tomorrow.
李先生预计明天给我们演讲。
3) The meeting is due to be held next week.
会议安排下星期开。
4) His train is due at 7:00.
火车七点到。
due另外的两个常用点：
1) The bank loan is due this month.(到期的）
银行贷款本月到期。
2) due to由于、因为（常作表语）
His absence is due to his illness. 他没有来时因为他病了。
8.在时间状语和条件状语从句中只能用一般现在时代替一般将来时 1) When you finish middle school, what are you going to do? 你中学毕业的时候打算做什么？
2)As soon as I get to Wuhan, I will phone you.
我一到达武汉就将给你打电话。
3) If you have time next week, please come to my house.
如果你下个星期有时间请到我家来。
解析：下个星期这个时间还没有到，但由于是在条件状语从句中，所以用一般现在时have代替的一般将来时will have.
考点：注意下列句子的不同含义：
1) If you help me, I will be very glad.
如果你帮我，我会非常高兴。 解析：“帮助”这个动作虽然还没有发生，但因在条件状语从句中所以用一般现在时help代替一般
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将来时will help.
2) If you will help me, I will be very glad.
解析：此句为什么用的将来时态will help呢？不，在这里不是一般将来时，而will是情态动词表“意愿”。此句的意思是：“如果你愿意帮我，我会非常高兴”。
更多的例句：
1) If you will study hard from now on, we teachers will help you.
从现在起，如果你愿意刻苦学习，我们老师就会帮你。
2） If they will lend me some money , I will go to buy a house tomorrow. 如果他们愿意借给我一些钱，我明天就去买套房子。
注意：并不是所有的动词都能这样用。如：
我们就不能说：If you will have a house , I want to board at your family. 因为此句我们不可能翻译成：“如果你愿意有房子，我想搭伙住在你家”。因为是否有房子是不以人们的意志为转移的，并不是你想有房子就有，而不想有就没有。
六、将来进行时 ：由will +be +doing 构成。表将来某一个特定的时间正在发生的动作。否定句在will后面加not,疑问句将will 提前。
1）没有下午三点不要给我打电话。我在开会。
Don’t call me up at 3 tomorrow . I will be having a meeting . 2) 我相信明天晚上我去你家的时候你在玩游戏。
I believe you will be playing games when I go to your house tomorrow evening . 3) 下个星期的这个时候你会在干什么呢？
What will you be doing this time next week ?
七、现在完成时（have/has+过去分词构成）
（否定句在have/has后面+not,疑问句将have/has提前。）
1.表过去发生的某一个动作对现在造成的影响或者结果。(做了……)常与just, already连用. 1)他们已经回来了。
They have (already) come back. 2)飞机到了吗？
Has the plane arrived (yet)? 3)我们还没有扫教室。
We haven’t cleaned our classroom. 4)—我买了一本书。 —你什么时候买的？
—I have bought a book. —When did you buy it? 5)我父亲刚从武汉回来。
My father has just come back from Wuhan.
2.过去发生的某一个动作一直延续到现在而且还有可能继续进行下去。这时常和表一段的时间状语连用.(for/since引导的状语） 1)我在这里住了三年了。
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I have lived here for three years. 2)他在那家工厂上班十天了。
He has worked in/at that factory for 10 days. 3)自1990年以来我就在这所学校教书。
I have taught in this school since 1990. 4) 自他从武汉回来以来就在这里上班。
He has worked here since he came back from Wuhan.
注意：在这种用法中主句中的谓语动词必须是延续性的动词。如果是短暂性的动词就必须换成延续性的。 1) 他的爷爷死了。
His grandpa has died. 解析：“死”动作对现在造成的影响是：“他爷爷不在人世了”，所以用现在完成时。 2) 他的爷爷去年死的。
His grandpa died last year.
3)他爷爷死了两年了。
His grandpa has died for two years. ×
解析：此句要用现在完成时，但由于“死”这个动作是瞬间完成的，所以不能和表一段的时间状语连用，故这种翻译不对。而要换成下面的句子，将短暂性的动词“die”换成表状态的“be dead”,因为处于“死”的这个状态是可以持续的。
His grandpa has been dead for two years. √
下面的动词前面是短暂性的，后面是延续性的，也就是说如果要和一段时间状语连用，前面的动词就要换成后面的表达法：
死：die→ be dead 去/离开 ： go/leave→be away 出去： go out→be out 生病 ：fall ill→be ill 借：borrow→keep 买： buy→have
开始：begin→be on 着火：catch fire→be on fire 加入： join →be in…/be a…. 来这里：come here→be here
例如：他入团/入党/参军三年了。
He has joined the League/Party/army for 3 years×
解析：此种翻译就不正确，因为“join”是个瞬间完成的动作，不能和表一段的时间状语连用。而要用以下几种翻译法：
1) He has been in the League/Party/army for 3 years.
2) He has been a League member/a Party member/a soldier for 3 years. 3) It’s/It has been 3 years since he joined the League/Party/army . 4) 3 years have passed since he joined the League/Party/army . 5) He joined the League/Party/army 3 years ago.
3. have/has gone to 去了……地方 have /has been to 去过……地方 1) 你曾经去过武汉吗？
Have you ever been to Wuhan? 2) 我从未去过北京。
I have never been to Beijing.
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3) 你到哪里去了的？
Where have you been? 4) 我同学去美国了。
My classmate has gone to America.
考点：现在完成时的固定句型
1) 用在：It’s the first/second/third…time that… 从句中（是某人第几次做某事）
It will be the first/second/third…time that…从句中(将是某人第几次做某事)
a. It’s the third time that he has helped me. 是他第三次帮我。
b. It will be second time that we have bought this kind of sweets. 将是我们第二次买这种糖。
但是：如果前面是一般过去时态，后面的从句就要用过去完成时。 a. He said it was the fourth time that I hadn’t help him.
他说是第四次我没帮他了。
b. We knew earlier that it was the second time that he had robbed the bank. 我们早些时候就知道他是第二次抢银行了。
2)in/during/within the past/last+一段时间的状语连用时，句子用现在完成时。 a.They have built 100 buildings in the past three years. 在过去的三年时间里他们修了100栋建筑物。
b. I have remembered 60 words in the past 4 hours .
在过去的四个小时我记了60个单词。
c. Great changes have taken place in the past many years. 在过去的许多年里中国发生了许多变化。
3)so far “到目前为止”，“迄今”，用在句首或句尾（只要句中有so far句子就要用现在完成时） a.So far, she has remembered 50000 words. 迄今为止她已记了50000单词了。 b. I haven’t heard from her so far .
迄今为止我还没有收到她的信。
4)有状语up to now/up till now (到目前为止),句子就要用现在完成时 We have watched the TV play three times up to now. 到目前为止那部电视剧我们看了三遍了。
5)表示反复或者习惯性的动作，常与several times, once/twice/three times等频度副词连用时，句子用现在完成时
a. I have found him in the bar several times. 我在酒吧里看见他好几次了。 b. He has been to Paris twice. 他去过巴黎两次了。
c. We have seen the film three times. 那部电影我们看过三次了。
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6)在最高级+名词后的定语从句中（即：先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时，后面的定语从句中用现在完成时）
a. This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。
b. He is the most promising student that I have ever taught. 他是我教过的最有出息的学生。
7)现在完成时用在时间、条件状语从句中，表示从句动作先于主句动作之前业已完成，同时也强调这个动作的结果。
a. I will give my opinion after I have read through the article. 我把这篇文章读过后就给出我的观点。
b. We will set off if the rain has stopped. 雨停下来了我们就出发。
c. I will tell her about it after you have left. 你离开过后我就把这事告诉她。
d. Once you have mastered English , you will find it easy. 你一旦掌握了英语你就会发现他简单。
八、现在完成进行时:have/has been doing
表示某一个动作一直延续到现在,并且说话时正在进行。 例如：—Look! It is snowing.
—Yes. It has been snowing for half an hour. —看！在下雪。
—是的。都已经下了半个小时了。
解析：从对话可以看出说话时snow动作正在进行。
考点：1.现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别：
1） I have studied English for six years，so I can understand many English articles.
我学英语六年了，所以我能读懂许多英语文章。（此时没有学）
2）I have been studying English for 3 hours, so I want to have a rest very much. 我学英语三个小时了，所以我很想休息一下。（此时正在学） 3）—Look ! It’s going to be sunny. I am very happy. —So am I. It has rained for three days.
— 看！马上是晴天啦！我很开心。 — 我也一样。都下了三天的雨了。（说话时没有下雨）
4）I wonder when it will stop raining. It has been raining for a whole morning. 我想知道什么时候能停止下雨。都下了一整个上午了。（说话时正在下雨）
2. 和过去进行时的区别
我们在学习“过去进行时”和“现在完成进行时”的时候容易把他们弄混淆，原因在于表达其意思是都是“一直在做……”。例如： 1）他们昨天一直都在打牌。
They were playing cards yesterday. 2) 他们一直打牌三个小时了。
They have been playing cards for three hours.
3) Go away ! You have been making noises for several minutes.
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走开！你这样一直发出噪音都几分钟了。
4）Last year I was designing the bridge to be built in my hometown.
去年我一直都在设计将在我家乡修建的那座桥梁。
九、过去完成时：由“had+过去分词”构成
（否定句在had后面加not,疑问句将had提前。）
过去完成时表“过去的过去”
1. Before we arrived there, the train had left. 我们到达那里前火车已经开走了。
2. When we arrived there, the train had left 我们到达那里的时候火车已经开走了。
解析：上面两个句子很明显火车开走的动作先发生，所以用的过去完成时。
体会下面两个句子的不同时态：
1.In October, I remembered 200 words. 十月我记了200个单词。
解析：此句是表明了remember这个动作是在十月这个时间发生的，所以是一般过去时。 2.By/Before October, I had remembered 200 words. 十月前/十月为止，我记了200个单词。
更多的例句：一般过去时和过去完成时对比
1.—Shall I fetch you a bottle of water? —This morning I had some fetched. —I meant to help you. —我去帮你拿瓶水好吗？
—今天早晨我叫人帮忙去拿了一瓶的。 —我本想帮你的。
2 .—Yesterday I got to know your father brought you much money. —So he did.
—I had meant to lend you some.
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—我昨天知道了你父亲给你带了许多钱。 —是的。（他给我带了许多钱） —我本想借给你一些的。
3 .—Where are you from? —I am from Wuhan.
—I thought you were from Beijing. —你是哪里人？ —武汉的。
—我原以为你是北京的。
4.Just now you told me you were from Wuhan. I had thought you were from Beijing. 刚才你告诉我你是武汉的。我原以为你是北京的。
5. At the end of last week, he remembered 200 words.
上个星期末时，他记了200个单词。 解析：“记”这个动作是在过去时间“the end of last week”发生的，所以是一般过去时。 By the end of last week, he had remembered 200 words. 上个星期末之前他记了200个单词。 解析：“记”这个动作是在过去时间“the end of last week”之前发生的，是“过去的过去” ，所以用过去完成时。
过去完成时的主要考点：
1. hardly/scarcely…when…(一……就……) no sooner…than… (一……就……)
（前面的句子谓语用过去完成时，后面的句子谓语用一般过去时）（hardly/scarcely, no sooner的位置在助动词had之后）
1) I had hardly got home when I had dinner. 我一到家就吃饭。
2)They had no sooner gone out than it began to rain. 他们一出去就开始下雨。
3)The teacher had scarcely come in when he saw me. 老师一进来就看见了我。
4)He had no sooner arrived in Wuhan than he phoned me. 他一到达武汉就给我打了电话。
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注意：在这种结构中如果将hardly/scarcely/no sooner提前，前面的句子要实行部分倒装，即将had也提前。
1）Hardly had I got home when I had dinner.
2 No sooner had they gone out than it began to rain . 3) Scarcely had the teacher come in when he saw me . 4)No sooner had he arrived in Wuhan than he phoned me .
2. hope(希望）,wish（希望） ,want（要）, mean（想）, plan（计划）, intend（打算）…等 动词，用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的“愿望、打算、意图”
1) had wanted to do (本要做某事）= wanted to have done
2) had hoped/wished to do(本希望做某事）= hoped/wished to have done
3) had meant to do(本想做某事）= meant to have done
4) had planned to do (本计划做某事）= planned to have done
5) had intended to do (本打算做某事）= intended to have done
a. Yesterday I had wanted to visit my grandma, but I was too busy. 昨天我本想去看我爷爷的但我太忙了。 解析：句子表明的意思是没有去看成。
b. He had hoped to study hard, but had no faith in himself. 他本希望努力学习的但对自己没有信心。 解析：句子表明是根本就没有努力学。
c. I had meant to buy a book just now, but I had no money with me. 我本想刚才买本书的但身上没有带钱。 解析：表明的含义是没有买。
d. They had planned to travel to England but they went to America instead. 他们本计划去英国的但是去的美国。 解析：计划去英国没有实现。
e. I had intended to help him last week, but I had to go. 上个星期我本打算帮他的但我必须得走。
十、将来完成时：will have done/will have been done(将业已经……)
先看看一般将来时和将来完成时的区别：
1.你们大学毕业的时候我就退休。
I will retire when you graduate from university .
解析：此句表明的是retire这个动作在graduate这个动作发生的时候才发生，就用一般将来时。
2. 你们大学毕业的时候我已经退休了。
I will have retired when you graduate from university.
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3 下个月底前我们将已经上完了语法。
We will have finished the Grammar by the end of next month. 4. 你从美国回来的时候我将已经找到了一份好工作。
When you return from America, I will have found a good job。
巩固练习：
1.---Thank goodness ,you are here! What ____ you? ---Traffic jam.
A. keeps B. is keeping C. had kept D. Kept 解析：答案D. “天啦，你到了！什么阻止你了”“回答说“交通堵塞”。由此可见问的是一个过去了的情况，所以是D.
2. ---How is he today ?
---He says he ___ as ill as he does now .
A. didn’t feel B. wasn’t feeling C. don’t feel D. hasn’t felt
解析：答案 D. 问他感觉怎样的时候，他说他没有感到象现在这样难受过。很显然是强调动作的结果，所以用现在完成时。
3. The students ___busily when I went to get a book I ___ in the classroom. A. had written; had left B. had written; left
C. were writing; has left D. were writing ; had left
4.
---Why ? You look so tired . ----I___my bedroom all day.
A. had painted B. have painted C. painted D. have been painting
5.
---It’s your mother ! I didn’t ___ her. -----She has just had her hair cut.
A. hadn’t recognized B. didn’t recognize C. haven’t recognize D. don’t recognize 解析：从题干中“是你妈妈！”这句，我们就可以得知在讲话的时候已经认出是谁了，所以要用一般过去时，答案是B.
6. ---What can I do for you ?
---Yes,I bought this cellphone here last week, but it ___.
7. ---Do you know much about our city ?
---Yes, this is the tenth time that I___ here . A. am going B. was C. came D. have been
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解析：此题属于固定句型，答案是D.
8. Yesterday when I got home , I found my house ___and many things ___.
A. has broken into ; has been stolen B. had broken into ; had been stolen C. has been broken into ; stolen D. had been broken into ; stolen
9. He is said ___ abroad , but I don’t know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying
解析：从but I don’t know what country he studied in这句话，我们就知道他学习这个动作已经完成了，而选项里只有A是此用法（不定式完成式所表示的动作在谓语动词之前发生），所以答案是A. 10.I bet he ___ when we get home.
A. is still sleeping B. is to sleep
C. will still be sleeping D. will have been sleeping
11. ---Are you still very busy ?
---Yes, I ___the report for the manager and it won’t take long . A. have just finished B. am just finishing C.had just finished D. am just going to finish
解析：从and it won’t take long （要不了很久了）这句回答语我们就知道finish动作还没有完成，先把B、C排了，finish是表示“末”的动词，所以用进行时态代替的将来时，所以答案是B. 12. ---I didn’t go to my friend’s party last night because my car broke down. ---You could have borrowed mine. I ____it.
A. hadn’t used B. wasn’t using C. didn’t use D. wouldn’t use
13. My headache is killing me. I ___ it ___ away.But now it’s getting worse and worse. A. think; is going B. thought ; was going C. have thought ; is going D. had thought ; was going
解析：根据上下文可以看出我现在的头疼是越来越严重了，所以我以为它很快就会过去的动作不是现在还有这种想法，而是瞬间前的动作，所以答案要选B. 14. Hurry！ The train ___.You know it ___at 8:30.
A. leaves ;leave B. is leaving ; leaves C. leaves; is leaving D. is leaving ; leaving
15.
---I saw his sister in the lift yesterday .
---Really ? She ___around here for a long time.
A. won’t be seen B. wasn’t seen C. hasn’t been seen D. hadn’t been seen
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