学术英语课后答案 unit2

学术英语理工2032-2014-2

Unit 2 Searching for Information I. Teaching Objectives

In this unit, you will learn how to:

1.search for reliable and better source materials for your research 2.find your information by scanning and skimming

3.identify topic sentences for a general idea in the paragraph 4.guess word meaning through context clues and affixes 5.read fast by following the organization of the text 6.be a critical reader 7.take notes effectively

8.write a summary for what you have read

9.enhance language skills with the help of the reading and listening materials presented in this unit

II. Teaching Procedures

1 Finding reliable and better sources

Task 1

Answers may vary.

Task 2

Answers may vary.

Task 3

Answers may vary.

2 Scanning and skimming

Task 1

1 Artificial intelligence.

2 The article may argue for/against the idea that artificial intelligence will replace human jobs in the future.

3 The story tells that computerization threatens to replace many white-collar jobs. 4 The author is optimistic and may not agree that machines will replace human jobs.

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学术英语理工2032-2014-2

5 The specter of automation unemploying us all may have finally arrived. 6 But the mass job shrinkage that these observers all expected did not come. 7 Yet Americans as a whole were not automated out of work. (Para.8, L1) Yet, through all that, more new jobs appeared. (Para.11, L2)

8 Man will not lose jobs because there will always be demands of a new economy. 9 The neighbor would prefer to order the shoes from machine-handling factories.

10 Saving will lead to spending which in turn will create newer, perhaps better jobs tomorrow.

3 Identifying topic sentences for information

Task 1

1 Pieced together, the topic sentences form a short, coherent paragraph or essay. 2 a) Paragraph 2 b) Paragraph 11 Task 2

1 Game theory is the science of strategy.（Para.1）

2 Games are fundamentally different from decisions made in a neutral environment.（Para.3） 3 The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies.（Para.4）

4 A general principle for a player in a sequential-move game is to look ahead and reason back. （Para.5）

5 In contrast to the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games, a game with simultaneous moves involves a logical circle.（Para.7）

6 Another way to make threats credible is to employ the adventuresome strategy of

brinkmanship—deliberately creating a risk that if other players fail to act as one would like them to, the outcome will be bad for everyone.（Para.17） Task 3

1 Paragraph 1

2 Paragraph 5 to 10 3 Paragraph 12 to 19

4 Guessing word meaning

Task 1

2 immutable (Para.4, L2): 不变的

Context clues: who realized that space is not an immutable stage on which events play out 3 trampoline (Para.4, L4): 蹦床，弹床

Context clues: responding much as a trampoline does to a jumping child 4 malleable (Para.4, L5): 有弹性和延伸性的

Context clues: In fact, so malleable is space that, according to the math, the size of the universe necessarily change over time. 5 stay put (Para.4, L7): 不动的

Context clues: The fabric of space must expand or contact—it can’t stay put.

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学术英语理工2032-2014-2

6 flew in the face (Para.5, L4): 敢于违抗

Context clues: It flew in the face of the prevailing wisdom. 7 stalemate (Para.6, L2): 僵局

Context clues: A static situation, like a stalemate in a tug of war 8 repulsive (Para.6, L5): 排斥的

Context clues: a counterbalancing force would need to provide a repulsive push 9 antigravity (Para.7, L2): 排斥力

Context clues: antigravity—a gravitational force that pushes instead of pulls 10 exodus (Para.8, L3): 大批离开

Context clues: And the best explanation for this cosmic exodus came directly. 11 supernovae (Para.11, L2): 由于爆炸而突然变亮的星

Context clues: distant supernovae—exploding stars so brilliant they can be seen clear across cosmos

12 garner (Para.13, L5): 获得、得到

Context clues: would have garnered him another Nobel Prize 13 perplexing (Para.14, L5): 令人不解的

Context clues: Perhaps most perplexing of all is a question of quantitative detail. Task 2

2 unprecedented (Para.1, L1): un-precedented 史无前例的 3 self-replicating (Para.1, L6): self-replicating 自我复制的 4 diameter (Para.3, L2): dia-meter 直径

5 assembler (Para.10, L1): assembl-er 装配器 6 contaminant (Para.13, L3): con-taminant 污染物

7 non-renewable (Para.13, L6): non-renewable 不可再用的 8 foreseeable (Para.14, L2): foresee-able 可预见到的 9 exotic (Para.14, L2): exot-ic 非本地，奇异的 10 dissipate (Para.14, L6): dis-sipate 消失 Task 3

Derivatives Affixes or roots Meaning More Words

multidiscipline multi- many or several Multicolor multisteps 1

multiform multipurpose

nanotechnology nano- one of a thousand nanorobot nanomachine 2

million nanoscopic nanostructure

convergence verg incline to divergence verge 3

con- join concordconcourse conferate

construct struct build or make structure reconstruct 4

destruct obstruct

substructure 5

manufacture

man-, manu- fact

interdisciplinary inter- insulator

insul-

by hand make

between or among a group of things or people protect sth. from

manuscript manual manage manipulate factory facture interplay interweave interdependent interaction insulate insular insularity

3

6 7

学术英语理工2032-2014-2

8 semiconductor

9

semi- duct-

microprocessors micro-

unpleasant knowledge partly but not completely lead

extremely small

10 11 12

simultaneouosly simul- reverse automatical

vers, vert auto

peninsula

semiconscious semiofficial semitropical conduct induct

microwave

microcomputer

microscope micrometer

in common simulator simulation

simultaneity simulate

turn obversion inverse

subversion convert

Work by oneself; automate autonomous relating to oneself automobile autobiography

5 Using the organization of the text

Task 1

organization

Introduction What

The definition nanotechnology

of nanotechnology

nanometer nanoscale

paragraphs Para.1 Para.2 Para.3 Para.4 Paras.5-11 Para.12

Para.13

Para.14

Para.15

How How

The way

nanotechnology works

The applications of medical industry nanotechnology environment

other fields

conclusion

Task 2

1 The writer develops his main ideas about global warming mainly through the structure of cause-and-effect.

2 The writer illustrates the effects of global warming through the structure of classification. 3 The effects are arranged from the most obvious to least obvious, and signal words include: the

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学术英语理工2032-2014-2

most prominent effect of global warming; another area affected by global warming; a third type of evidence of global warming.

4 Four types. They are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluocarbons.

5 Paragraph 11 follows the pattern of problem-and-solution. The signal words are “a common problem that arises is”, “needs to take action now”.

6 Reading critically

Task 1

The tone of one’s writing indicates their feelings and attitude toward the topic being discussed. It reveals whether they are being playful or serious, humorous or somber, whether they are angry or tranquil, bitter or confident. Through tone, their attitude toward what they are writing about and their relationship to their readers become clear.

Controlling tone is largely a matter of selecting words and sentences, and choosing details so as to serve the purpose of writing well. Now let’s consider the following sentences which you write to tell two facts:

The sales of vitamin E have doubled in the past five years. The increase in sales has been helped by the statements from health food enthusiasts and doctors.

1 Combined into a single one, sentence 1 is impartial in tone because it doesn’t reveal your attitude. Impartial and toneless sentences are what you want to write if you either have no opinion or want to seem factual and objective, rather than personal and subjective.

2 Strong in tone and clear in attitude: sentence 2 reflects your belief that vitamin E sales have surged because of a deceptive and misleading advertisement campaign. If you feel the sentence is too strong, too opinionated, perhaps even biased, you may suggest your feelings instead of stating them directly.

3 By using the words—freaks and quack, this version can make your reader sense not only your reservation about the worth of the vitamin but also your contempt of those who promote it. But the tone is so strong that your reader may consider it exaggerated and may even question its truth.

4 This version is more suggestive and less explicit, though your attitude is still negative because “faddists” (unlike enthusiasts) are a word with unfavorable associations and because claims “(unlike statements)” encourage the reader to doubt their truth.

5 By inserting the detail that only a few doctors make claims for vitamin, the version seems biased as the tone is stronger.

6 The phrase “some doctors” implies that there is another group of doctors who have made no claims for the vitamin and who may perhaps reject such claims.

7 The word “even” suggests your surprise that doctors, who should know better, have made such foolish claims, thus further weakens the support of the doctors without making your statement seem exaggerated or biased.

8, 9 Tone not only can be controlled by the choice of words and details but also by the choice of structures. Sentence 8 and 9 make the implied criticism more forceful as the negative words or phrases have been moved to their beginning or end position, the position which is more emphatic for one’s opinion.

10, 11, 12 The three sentences are not critical but favorable in tone toward the increased sales of

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