供应商和零售商的Stackelberg博弈模型

供应商和零售商的Stackelberg博弈模型 STACKELBERG GAME MODEL OF SUPPLIERS AND RETAILERS

专 业： 2010信息与计算科学 指 导 教 师： 申请学位级别： 学士

论文提交日期： 2014年6月9日

摘 要

近年来，随着信息技术和科学的飞速发展、客户的需求的多元化，基于供应链的一些思想越来越受到企业的重视。怎样在控制成本的前提下，同时满足不同客户的不同需求？如何在市场中保持信息优势？如何在世界范围内对生产资料进行合理购买或获取？如何使产品的生产、销售和服务高同行一等？这些都是企业迫切需要解决的问题。供应链思想就是在这样的背景下所产生起来的一种管理思想，目的是使供应链达到最优状态。

然而，供应链中包括了许多成员企业，而且各自之间的目标、信息等都是不一致的，这就使得整个供应链可能效率低下。所以需要探求一种最佳方案，使得供应链整体利益最大化。本文以Stackelberg博弈模型为研究背景，着重研究在日常生活中普遍存在的一个供应商和多个零售商的供应链协调问题，研究如何使供应链达到最优，最后也加入实际数值进行数学运算，以期能够更好的得出最终结论。

关键词：博弈论； Stackelberg模型； 纳什均衡； 供应链协调

ABSTRACT

In recent years, with the rapid development of information technology, the diversification of customer demand and scientific thought, some supply chains become more attention of enterprise based on. How to maintain the cost, at the same time, to meet the different needs of different customers? How to keep information superiority in the market? How to produce the data in the world scope for reasonable purchase or acquisition? How to make the products production, sales and service of high counterparts? These are enterprises urgently need to be resolved. A kind of management thought the idea of supply chain is in such a background generated together, the purpose is to make the supply chain to achieve optimal state.

However, the supply chain includes many members of the enterprise, and the goals, information between each are not identical, this makes the whole supply chain may be inefficient. So we need to find a best solution, the benefits of the whole supply chain to maximize. In this paper, a Stackelberg game model as the research background, supply chain coordination emphatically studies generally exists in the daily life of a supplier and multiple retailers, how to make the supply chain to achieve optimal, finally joined the actual numerical mathematical calculations, in order to be able to draw the final conclusion better.

Key words: Game theory; Stackelberg model; Nash equilibrium; supply chain

coordination

目 录

1 绪论 ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1研究背景............................................................................................... 1 1.2研究意义............................................................................................... 1 2 供应链相关知识 .................................................................................. 3 2.1 供应链的概念 ................................................................................... 3 2.2供应链管理的概念 .............................................................................. 4 2.3供应链协调的概念 .............................................................................. 5 2.4供应链契约的概念 .............................................................................. 6 3 博弈论基础知识 .................................................................................. 8 3.1博弈论相关概念 .................................................................................. 8 3.2 Stackelberg博弈模型 ......................................................................... 10 3.3 帕累托最优 ....................................................................................... 11 4 以Stackelberg博弈为背景的供应链均衡模型 ............................... 12 4.1问题的提出......................................................................................... 12 4.2供应链均衡规划模型 ........................................................................ 13 4.3二层规划问题 .................................................................................... 14 4.4系统最优模型 .................................................................................... 15 5 供应商和零售商之间的博弈分析 .................................................... 16 5.1供应商主导下的供应商和零售商的非合作博弈分析 .................... 16 5.2零售商主导下的供应商和零售商的非合作博弈分析 .................... 18 5.3供应商-零售商合作博弈模型 ........................................................... 19 5.4各个情形的效率比较 ........................................................................ 20

5.5模型实例求证 .................................................................................... 22 6 含有一个供应商和三个零售商的供应链模型研究 ........................ 24 6.1模型的假设和定义 ............................................................................ 24 6.2 三个零售商分别竞争或合作下的情况分析 ................................... 25 6.3 基于数量折扣契约的供应链研究 ................................................... 27 6.4 数值计算实例 ................................................................................... 29 7 全文总结............................................................................................. 31 8 进一步的工作展望 ............................................................................ 32 参考文献 ................................................................................................... 33 致 谢 ....................................................................................................... 34

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